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the day-to-day concerns of government

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1 concern

1. transitive verb
1) (affect) betreffen

so far as... is concerned — was... betrifft

‘to whom it may concern’ — ≈ "Bestätigung"; (on certificate, testimonial) ≈ "Zeugnis"

2) (interest)

concern oneself with or about something — sich mit etwas befassen

3) (trouble)

the news/her health greatly concerns me — ich bin über diese Nachricht tief beunruhigt/ihre Gesundheit bereitet mir große Sorgen
2. noun
1) (relation)

have no concern with something — mit etwas nichts zu tun haben

2) (anxiety) Besorgnis, die; (interest) Interesse, das

express concern — Sorge ausdrücken

3) (matter) Angelegenheit, die

that's no concern of mine — das geht mich nichts an

4) (firm) Unternehmen, das

* * *
[kən'sə:n] 1. verb
1) (to have to do with: This order doesn't concern us; So far as I'm concerned, you can do what you like.) betreffen

2) ((with for or about) to make (usually oneself) uneasy: Don't concern yourself about her.) beunruhigen

3) ((with with or in) to interest (oneself) in: He doesn't concern himself with unimportant details.) sich beschäftigen
2. noun
1) (something that concerns or belongs to one: His problems are not my concern.) die Angelegenheit

2) (anxiety: The condition of the patient is giving rise to concern.) die Sorge

3) (a business: a shoe-manufacturing concern.) das Unternehmen

•

- academic.ru/15009/concerning">concerning

* * *

con·cern

[kənˈsɜ:n, AM -ˈsɜ:rn]

I. n

1. (interest) Anliegen nt, Interesse nt; (preoccupation) Sorge f

the company's sole \concern is to ensure the safety of its employees das Unternehmen ist einzig und allein um die Gewährleistung der Sicherheit seiner Mitarbeiter besorgt

his \concern to appear sophisticated amused everyone sein [eifriges] Bemühen, kultiviert zu wirken, amüsierte alle

major \concern Hauptanliegen nt

2. (worry) Sorge f, Besorgnis f ( about um + akk)

\concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing die Sorge um die beiden vermissten Teenager wächst beständig

my \concern is that you're not getting your work done ich mache mir Sorgen, dass du deine Arbeit nicht schaffst

I have a matter of some \concern that I would like to talk to you about es gibt da ein Problem, über das ich gern mit Ihnen sprechen würde

there's no cause for \concern es besteht kein Grund zur Sorge

to give rise to \concern Besorgnis erregend sein

3. (business) Angelegenheit f

it's no \concern of mine! das ist nicht meine Angelegenheit!

that's none of your \concern das geht dich nichts an

financial \concerns Finanzangelegenheiten

public \concern öffentliche Angelegenheit

4. (importance) Wichtigkeit f, Bedeutung f

▪ to be of \concern to sb für jdn von Bedeutung sein

a question of common \concern eine Frage von allgemeinem Interesse

5. (relation) Beziehung f

do you have any \concern with telecommunications? haben Sie etwas mit dem Fernmeldewesen zu tun?

6. (share) Anteil m

to have a \concern in a business an einem Geschäft beteiligt sein

7. COMM Konzern m, Unternehmen nt

family \concern Familienunternehmen nt

a going \concern ein florierendes Unternehmen

industrial \concern Industriekonzern m

8. ( pej fam: gadget) Sache f, Ding nt

II. vt

1. (apply to)

▪ to \concern sb jdn angehen [o betreffen]; (affect) jdn betreffen

as far as I'm \concerned was mich anbelangt [o betrifft

2. (be sb's business)

▪ to \concern sb jdn angehen

to whom it may \concern (certificate) Bescheinigung; (reference) Zeugnis (formelhafte Anrede bei amtlichen Verlautbarungen, die keinen konkreten Adressaten haben)

3. (take an interest in)

▪ to \concern oneself with sth sich akk mit etw dat befassen

you don't need to \concern yourself with this matter Sie brauchen sich um diese Angelegenheit nicht zu kümmern

4. (be about)

▪ to \concern sb/sth von jdm/etw dat handeln

▪ to be \concerned with sth von etw dat handeln, etw [thematisch] behandeln

5. (worry)

▪ to \concern sb jdn beunruhigen

▪ to \concern oneself sich dat Sorgen machen

* * *
[kən'sɜːn]
1. n

1)

(= relation, connection) do you have any concern with banking? — haben Sie etwas mit dem Bankwesen zu tun?

to have no concern with sth — mit etw nichts zu tun haben

2) (= business, affair) Angelegenheit(en pl) f; (= matter of interest and importance to sb) Anliegen nt

the day-to-day concerns of government — die täglichen Regierungsgeschäfte

it's no concern of his — das geht ihn nichts an

what concern is it of yours? — was geht Sie das an?

3) (COMM) Konzern m → going

See:

→ going

4) (= share) Beteiligung f

5) (= anxiety) Sorge f, Besorgnis f

a look of concern — ein besorgter or sorgenvoller Blick

the situation in the Middle East is causing concern — die Lage im Nahen Osten ist besorgniserregend

there's some/no cause for concern — es besteht Grund/kein Grund zur Sorge

to do sth out of concern for sb — etw aus Sorge um jdn tun

he showed great concern for your safety — er war or zeigte sich (geh)

don't you feel any concern for the starving millions? — berührt Sie die Tatsache, dass Millionen am Verhungern sind, überhaupt nicht?

6) (= importance) Bedeutung f

a matter of great concern — eine Angelegenheit von immenser Bedeutung

issues of national concern — Fragen pl von nationalem Interesse

to be of little/great concern to sb — jdm nicht/sehr wichtig sein

2. vt

1) (= be about) handeln von

it concerns the following issue — es geht um die folgende Frage

the last chapter is concerned with... — das letzte Kapitel behandelt...

2) (= be the business of, involve) angehen, betreffen; (= affect) betreffen

that doesn't concern you — das betrifft Sie nicht; (as snub) das geht Sie nichts an

to whom it may concern (on certificate) — Bestätigung f; (on reference) Zeugnis

the countries concerned with oil production — die Länder, die mit der Ölproduktion zu tun haben

where money/honour is concerned — wenn es um Geld/die Ehre geht

as far as the money is concerned — was das Geld betrifft or angeht

is it important? – not as far as I'm concerned — ist es denn wichtig? – was mich betrifft nicht

as far as he is concerned it's just another job, but... — für ihn ist es nur ein anderer Job, aber...

as far as I'm concerned you can do what you like — von mir aus kannst du tun und lassen, was du willst

where we are concerned — wo es um uns geht

who are the people concerned in this report? — wer sind die Leute, um die es in diesem Bericht geht?

the persons concerned —

my brother is the most closely concerned the men concerned in the robbery — mein Bruder ist am meisten davon betroffen die in den Überfall verwickelten Männer

3)

(= interest) he is only concerned with facts — ihn interessieren nur die Fakten

to concern oneself with or about sth — sich für etw interessieren

I'm not concerned now or I don't want to concern myself now with the economic aspect of the problem — mir geht es jetzt nicht um den ökonomischen Aspekt des Problems

4)

(= have at heart) we should be concerned more with or about quality — Qualität sollte uns ein größeres Anliegen sein

a mother is naturally concerned about the wellbeing of her children — das Wohl ihrer Kinder ist einer Mutter natürlich ein Anliegen

he's not at all concerned with or about her well-being —

he's not at all concerned with or about her wellbeing — ihr Wohl kümmert ihn überhaupt nicht

there's no need for you to concern yourself about that — darum brauchen Sie sich nicht zu kümmern

5)

(= worry usu pass) to be concerned about sth — sich (dat) um etw Sorgen machen, um etw besorgt sein

I was very concerned to hear about your illness — ich habe mir Sorgen gemacht, als ich von Ihrer Krankheit hörte

he was concerned by the news —

don't concern yourself — machen Sie sich keine Sorgen

I was very concerned about or for your safety — ich war sehr um Ihre Sicherheit besorgt

I am concerned to hear that... — es beunruhigt mich, dass...

concerned parents — besorgte Eltern

a concerned look — ein besorgter Blick

* * *

concern [kənˈsɜːn; US -ˈsɜrn]

A v/t

1. betreffen, angehen, sich beziehen auf (akk):

it does not concern me es betrifft mich nicht, es geht mich nichts an;

as far as I am concerned soweit es mich betrifft, was mich anbelangt;

to whom it may concern an alle, die es angeht (Überschrift auf Attesten etc)

2. von Wichtigkeit oder Belang oder Interesse sein für, angehen:

this problem concerns us all dieses Problem geht uns alle an oder ist für uns alle wichtig;

your reputation is concerned es geht um deinen Ruf

3. beunruhigen:

don’t let that concern you mache dir deswegen keine Sorgen;

be concerned about ( oder at) sich Sorgen machen wegen;

be concerned for sb’s safety um jemandes Sicherheit besorgt sein; → concerned 5

4. interessieren, beschäftigen:

concern o.s. with ( oder about) sich beschäftigen oder befassen mit;

be concerned in a plot in eine Verschwörung verwickelt sein; → concerned 2, 3

B s

1. Angelegenheit f, Sache f:

that is your concern das ist Ihre Sache;

that is no concern of mine das geht mich nichts an;

the concerns of the nation die Belange der Nation

2. Geschäft n, Firma f, Unternehmen n:

first concern Firma, die noch in den Händen der Gründer ist;

a going concern

a) ein gut gehendes Unternehmen,

b) fig eine gut funktionierende Sache

3. Unruhe f, Sorge f, Besorgnis f (at, about, for wegen, um):

there is concern es herrscht Besorgnis;

with deep concern tief beunruhigt

4. Wichtigkeit f:

be of no small concern nicht ganz unbedeutend sein, sehr wichtig sein;

a matter of national concern ein nationales Anliegen

5. Beziehung f ( with zu):

have no concern with a matter mit einer Sache nichts zu tun haben

6. (at, about, for, in, with) Teilnahme f (an dat), Rücksicht f (auf akk), Anteil m (an dat), Interesse n (für):

feel a concern for Teilnahme empfinden für, sich interessieren für

7. umg Ding n, Sache f, Geschichte f

* * *
1. transitive verb
1) (affect) betreffen

so far as... is concerned — was... betrifft

‘to whom it may concern’ — ≈ "Bestätigung"; (on certificate, testimonial) ≈ "Zeugnis"

2) (interest)

concern oneself with or about something — sich mit etwas befassen

3) (trouble)

the news/her health greatly concerns me — ich bin über diese Nachricht tief beunruhigt/ihre Gesundheit bereitet mir große Sorgen
2. noun
1) (relation)

have no concern with something — mit etwas nichts zu tun haben

2) (anxiety) Besorgnis, die; (interest) Interesse, das

express concern — Sorge ausdrücken

3) (matter) Angelegenheit, die

that's no concern of mine — das geht mich nichts an

4) (firm) Unternehmen, das

* * *

(at, about, for) n.

Sorge -n (wegen, um) f.

Unruhe -n f. (with) n.

Beziehung (zu) f. n.

Angelegenheit f.

Anteil -e m.

Besorgnis f.

Ding -e n.

Firma Firmen f.

Geschichte f.

Geschäft -e n.

Interesse n.

Rücksicht f.

Sache -n f.

Teilnahme f.

Unternehmen n.

Wichtigkeit f. v.

betreffen v.

zustimmen v.

English-german dictionary > concern
2 for

fo:
1. preposition
1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) para

2) (towards; in the direction of: We set off for London.) para, hacia, en dirección a

3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) durante

4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) (pedir dinero); (salir) a (pasear)

5) (in return; as payment: He paid $2 for his ticket.) por

6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) para

7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) por

8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?) por

9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) por, a favor de

10) (because of: for this reason.) por, a causa de

11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) para

12) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) para

13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) por, para

14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) para

15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) a pesar de

2. conjunction
(because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) ya que, puesto que

for prep

1. para

this present is for you este regalo es para ti

there are tables for smokers and non-smokers hay mesas para fumadores y no fumadores

glue for sticking leather pegamento para pegar el cuero

I'll be there for the wedding estaré allí para la boda

is this the train for London? ¿es éste el tren que va a Londres?

2. por

I bought it for £12 lo compré por 12 libras

what can I do for you? ¿qué puedo hacer por ti?

he was fined for stealing lo multaron por robar

3. desde hace

I have lived in Spain for twenty years vivo en España desde hace veinte años

4. durante

I waited for three hours esperé durante tres horas

5. de

"T" for Tony "T" de Tony

what's the word for "cheese" in Spanish? ¿cómo se dice "cheese" en español?

6. a favor de

are you for the plan, or against it? ¿estás a favor del plan, o en contra?

for

tr[fɔː^SMALLr/SMALL]

preposition

1 (intended) para

■ it's a present for you es un regalo para ti

■ save some cake for me guarda un poco de pastel para mí

■ there's a phone call for Mr. Smith hay una llamada para el Sr. Smith

2 (purpose) para

■ what's this for? ¿para qué sirve esto?

■ I need something for a cough necesito algo para la tos

■ shall we meet for lunch? ¿quedamos para comer?

3 (destination) para

■ he's left for work ha salido para el trabajo

■ where do I catch the train for Newcastle? ¿dónde se coge el tren para Newcastle?

■ passengers for London now boarding pasajeros con destino a Londres pueden embarcar

■ it's a novel for teenagers es una novela para quinceañeros

■ flat for rent piso para alquilar

4 (in order to help, on behalf of) por

■ do it for me hazlo por mí

■ I'll get that for you if you can't reach yo te lo cogeré si no llegas

■ I think I speak for everyone creo que hablo en nombre de todos

■ it's for your own good es por tu propio bien

5 (because of, on account of) por, a causa de

■ York is famous for its cathedral York es famoso por su catedral

■ he dare not speak for fear of waking the baby no se atreve a hablar por miedo a despertar al bebé

■ I couldn't sleep for the noise no pude dormir por el ruido

■ if it weren't for him si no fuera por él

6 (past time) durante; (future time) por; (specific point in time) para

■ we went for two weeks fuimos por dos semanas

■ we talked for a while hablamos durante un rato

■ we're going for a fortnight vamos por quince días

■ I'd like to go away for a few days me gustaría ir fuera unos días

■ I'll love you for ever te amaré para siempre

■ I've booked a table for tomorrow he reservado una mesa para mañana

■ a meeting has been called for 10.00 se ha convocado una reunión para las 10.00

■ that's all for today es todo por hoy

■ I've lived here for 5 years hace 5 años que vivo aquí, vivo aquí desde hace 5 años

■ she hadn't seen him for a year hacía un año que no le veía

■ it's the first accident here for a long time es el primer accidente que ocurre aquí desde hace mucho tiempo

7 (distance)

■ I walked for five miles caminé cinco millas

8 (in exchange, as replacement of) por

■ I got it for £500 lo conseguí por 500 libras

■ the record went for $50 el disco se vendió por 50 dólares

■ he exchanged his old car for a new one cambió su viejo coche por uno nuevo

■ you shouldn't translate word for word no deberías traducir palabra por palabra

■ the manager substituted Jones for Lee el entrenador sustituyó a Jones por Lee

9 (in favour of, in support of) por, a favor de

■ this is a campaign for peace es una campaña a favor de la paz

■ who did you vote for? ¿a quién votaste?

■ he'd give his life for him daría su vida por él

■ he fought for his country luchó por la patria

■ he's played for his country ha jugado en la selección nacional

■ are you for or against the new laws? ¿estás a favor o en contra de las nuevas leyes?

■ I'm all for a state lottery soy partidario de una lotería estatal

10 (despite) a pesar de, para; (considering, contrast) para

■ she's very tall for her age es muy alta para su edad

■ he does it really well for a child lo hace muy bien por ser un niño

■ he's quite nice for a policeman es bastante simpático para ser policía

■ I still love him, for all his faults lo quiero, a pesar de todos sus defectos

11 (as) de, como, por

■ what do they use for fuel? ¿qué utilizan de combustible?

■ he was left for dead lo dieron por muerto

12 (in order to obtain) para

■ for further details... para más información....

■ she went to her mother for advice acudió a su madre para que le aconsejara

■ 100 people applied for the job 100 personas solicitaron el puesto

■ we ran for our lives tuvimos que correr para salvarnos

■ I only did it for the money lo hice solamente por el dinero

■ she sent for the doctor llamó al médico

13 (representing) por; (meaning) de

■ she's the MP for Southampton es la diputada por Southampton

■ I can't go to the meeting - will you go for me? no puedo asistir a la reunión - ¿quieres ir en mi lugar?

■ a cheque for 20 pounds un talón (por valor) de 20 libras

■ B for Barcelona B de Barcelona

■ what's the Spanish for "pool"? ¿cómo se dice "pool" en castellano?

■ red for danger rojo de peligro

14 (as regards, concerning) por, en cuanto a

■ for my part, he can do as he likes por mí, que haga lo que quiera

■ as for him, who cares? en cuanto a él, ¿a quién le importa?

■ luckily for us, it didn't rain afortunadamente para nosotros, no llovió

15 (as part of, as being) por, para

■ I took him for the manager lo tomé por el director

■ do you know that for a fact? ¿lo sabes a ciencia cierta?

■ what do you want for dinner? ¿qué quieres para comer?

1 para

■ it's easy for you to say that para ti es fácil decir eso

■ it's impossible for me to come to the wedding me es imposible asistir a la boda

■ there's no need for you to do that no hace falta que hagas eso

■ it's time for you to go es hora de que te marches

■ I bought it for you to wear tonight lo compré para que te lo pusieras esta noche

■ it's for you to use at work es para que lo uses en el trabajo

■ that's no reason for you to get so upset no es motivo para que te preocupes tanto

conjunction

16 formal use literal ya que, puesto que

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

as for me por mi parte, en cuanto a mí

for all I know que yo sepa

for all that a pesar de todo, con todo

for good para siempre

for the first time por primera vez

for the last time por última vez

oh for...! ¡ojalá tuviera...!

■ oh for a star to guide my way! ¡ojalá tuviera una estrella que me guiara los pasos!

there's nothing for it but... no hay más remedio que...

to be for it cargársela

■ he'll be for it if they find out se la va a cargar si se enteran

for ['fɔr] conj

: puesto que, porque

for prep

1) (indicating purpose) : para, de

clothes for children: ropa para niños

it's time for dinner: es la hora de comer

2) because of: por

for fear of: por miedo de

3) (indicating a recipient) : para, por

a gift for you: un regalo para ti

4) (indicating support) : por

he fought for his country: luchó por su patria

5) (indicating a goal) : por, para

a cure for cancer: una cura para el cáncer

for your own good: por tu propio bien

6) (indicating correspondence or exchange) : por, para

I bought it for $5: lo compré por $5

a lot of trouble for nothing: mucha molestia para nada

7) as for: para, con respecto a

8) (indicating duration) : durante, por

he's going for two years: se va por dos años

I spoke for ten minutes: hablé (durante) diez minutos

she has known it for three months: lo sabe desde hace tres meses

for

conj.

• para conj.

• pues conj.

• ya que conj.

n.

• por s.m.

prep.

• a causa de prep.

• como prep.

• de prep.

• durante prep.

• en honor de prep.

• en lugar de prep.

• para prep.

• por prep.

I fɔːr, fɔː(r), weak form fər, fə(r)
1) preposition

Sense I

2)

a) ( intended for) para

is there a letter for me? — ¿hay carta para mí?

my love for her — mi amor por ella

clothes for men/women — ropa de hombre/mujer

is it for sale? — ¿está en venta?, ¿se vende?

b) ( on behalf of) por

I did it for you — lo hice por ti

he plays for England — forma parte de or juega en la selección inglesa

they are agents for Ford — son concesionarios (de) Ford

c) ( in favor of) a favor de

3) ( indicating purpose)

what's that for? — ¿para qué es eso?, ¿eso para qué sirve?

it's for trimming hedges — es or sirve para recortar setos

it's for decoration — es de adorno

I ran for cover — corrí a guarecerme

an operation for a stomach ulcer — una operación de úlcera de estómago

it's for your own good! — es por tu (propio) bien!

to go out for a meal — salir* a comer fuera

I've come for my son — vengo a buscar a mi hijo

to be for it — (colloq)

here comes Dad, we're for it now! — ahí viene papá ahora sí que estamos listos or (Col tb) hechos or (CS tb) fritos! (fam)

4)

a) (as)

we're having chicken for dinner — vamos a cenar pollo or hay pollo para cenar

what's for dessert? — ¿qué hay de postre?

I can now see him for what he is — ahora me doy cuenta de cómo es en realidad

b) ( representing)

D for David — D de David

what's (the) German for ``ice cream''? — ¿cómo se dice ``helado'' en alemán?

c) ( instead of) por

could you call him for me? — ¿podrías llamarlo tú?, ¿me harías el favor de llamarlo?

5) ( giving reason) por

for that reason — por esa razón

if it weren't for Joe... — si no fuera por Joe...

for one thing it's too costly and for another we don't need it — para empezar es muy caro y además no lo necesitamos

6)

a) ( in exchange for) por

I bought the book for $10 — compré el libro por 10 dólares

not for anything in the world — por nada del mundo

she left him for somebody else — lo dejó por otro

b) ( indicating proportion) por

for every one we find, there are 20 that get away — por cada uno que encontramos, se nos escapan 20

7)

a) ( as concerns) para

it's too cold for me here — aquí hace demasiado frío para mí

that's men for you! — todos los hombres son iguales!

b) ( expressing appropriateness)

it's not for me to decide — no me corresponde a mí decidir

8)

a) ( in spite of)

for all her faults, she's been very kind to us — tendrá sus defectos, pero con nosotros ha sido muy buena

b) (with infinitive clause)

it's unusual for me to forget a name — es raro que se me olvide un nombre

is there time for us to have a cup of coffee? — ¿tenemos tiempo de tomar un café?

9) ( in exclamations)

oh, for some peace and quiet — qué (no) daría yo por un poco de paz y tranquilidad!

Sense II

10) ( in the direction of) para

the plane/bus for New York — el avión/autobús para or de Nueva York

11)

a) ( indicating duration)

he spoke for half an hour — habló (durante) media hora

I've only been here for a day — sólo llevo un día aquí, hace sólo un día que estoy aquí

I'll be away for a week — voy a estar fuera una semana

how long are you going for? — ¿por cuánto tiempo vas?, ¿cuánto tiempo te vas a quedar?

that's enough for now — basta por ahora

we've enough food for six weeks — tenemos comida suficiente para seis semanas

b) ( on the occasion of) para

he gave it to me for my birthday — me lo regaló para mi cumpleaños

c) (by, before) para

we have to be there for six o'clock — tenemos que estar allí a las seis

12) ( indicating distance)

we drove for 20 miles — hicimos 20 millas

we could see for miles — se podía ver hasta muy lejos

II

conjunction (liter) pues (liter), puesto que (frml), porque

[fɔː(r)] When for is part of a phrasal verb, eg look for, make for, stand for, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg as for, a gift for, for sale, eager for, look up the other word.
1. PREPOSITION

1) (=going to) para

the train for London — el tren para or de Londres

he left for Rome — salió para Roma

the ship left for Vigo — el buque partió (con) rumbo a Vigo

he swam for the shore — fue nadando hacia la playa

2) (=intended for) para

a table for two — una mesa para dos

a cupboard for toys — un armario para los juguetes

a cloth for polishing silver — un paño para sacarle brillo a la plata

it's not for cutting wood — no sirve para cortar madera

there's a letter for you — hay una carta para ti

is this for me? — ¿es para mí esto?

I have news for you — tengo que darte una noticia

hats for women — sombreros de señora

clothes for children — ropa infantil

I decided that it was the job for me — decidí que era el puesto que me convenía

she decided that hang-gliding was not for her * — decidió que el vuelo con ala delta no era lo suyo

3) (to express purpose) para

he went there for a rest — fue allí para descansar

we went to Tossa for our holidays — fuimos a pasar las vacaciones a Tossa, fuimos a Tossa para las vacaciones

• what for? — ¿para qué?

what's it for? — ¿para qué es or sirve?

what do you want it for? — ¿para qué lo quieres?

what did you do that for? — ¿por qué hiciste eso?

4) (employment) para

he works for the government — trabaja para el gobierno

to write for the papers — escribir para los periódicos

5) (=on behalf of)

I'll ask him for you — se lo preguntaré de tu parte

I'll go for you — iré yo en tu lugar

"I can't iron this shirt" - "don't worry, I'll iron it for you" — -no puedo planchar esta camisa -no te preocupes, yo te la plancho

"I still haven't booked the ticket" - "I'll do it for you" — -no he reservado el billete todavía -ya lo haré yo

who is the representative for your group? — ¿quién es el representante de vuestro grupo?

6) (=as in) de

G for George — G de Gerona

7) (=in exchange for) por

I'll give you this book for that one — te cambio este libro por ese

he'll do it for £25 — lo hará por 25 libras

for every one who voted yes, 50 voted no — por cada persona que votó a favor, 50 votaron en contra

• to pay 50 pence for a ticket — pagar 50 peniques por una entrada

• pound for pound, it's cheaper — es más económico de libra en libra

the government will match each donation pound for pound — el gobierno igualará cada donativo, libra a libra

• I sold it for £5 — lo vendí por or en 5 libras

8) (=to the value of)

a cheque for £500 — un cheque or talón por valor de 500 libras

how much is the cheque for? — ¿por cuánto es el cheque?

9) (after adjective)

a) (making comparisons) para

he's tall/mature for his age — es alto/maduro para su edad or para la edad que tiene

he's nice for a policeman — para policía es muy simpático

it's cold for July — para ser julio hace frío

it's quite good for a six-year-old — está bastante bien para un niño de seis años

b) (specifying)

it was too difficult for her — era demasiado difícil para ella, le era demasiado difícil

it was difficult for him to leave her — le resultó difícil dejarla

that's easy for you to say — para ti es fácil decirlo, a ti te es fácil decirlo

they made it very easy for us — nos lo pusieron muy fácil

10) (=in favour of) a favor de

I'm for the government — yo estoy a favor del gobierno

I'm for helping him — yo estoy a favor de ayudarle

anyone for a game of cards? — ¿alguien se apunta a una partida de cartas?

• are you for or against the idea? — ¿estás a favor o en contra de la idea?

are you for or against us? — ¿estás con nosotros o en contra?

• I'm all for it — estoy completamente a favor

• the campaign for human rights — la campaña pro derechos humanos, la campaña en pro de los derechos humanos

• a collection for the poor — una colecta a beneficio de los pobres

11) (=as, by way of)

what's for dinner? — ¿qué hay para cenar?

I had a sandwich for lunch — para almorzar me comí un bocadillo

12) (=because of) por

it's famous for its cathedral — es famosa por su catedral

if it weren't for you — si no fuera por ti

he was sent to prison for fraud — lo mandaron a la cárcel por fraude

she felt better for losing a bit of weight — se sentía mejor por haber adelgazado un poco

I couldn't see her for pot plants — no la veía por taparla las plantas

we chose it for its climate — lo escogimos por el clima

• for fear of being criticized — por miedo a la crítica, por temor a ser criticado

• to shout for joy — gritar de alegría

13) (=in spite of) a pesar de

• for all his wealth — a pesar de su riqueza

for all that — a pesar de todo

for all he promised to come, he didn't — a pesar de habérmelo prometido, no vino

14) (in expressions of time)

a) (future/past duration)
When translating for and a period of time, it is often unnecessary to translate for, as in the examples below where durante is optional:
she will be away for a month — estará fuera un mes

he worked in Spain for two years — trabajó dos años en España

I'm going for three weeks — me voy tres semanas, estaré allí tres semanas
Alternatively, translate [for] using [durante], or, especially when talking about very short periods, [por]. Use [por] also with the verb [ir], although again it is often optional in this case:
they waited for over two hours — estuvieron esperando durante más de dos horas

for a moment, he didn't know what to say — por un momento, no supo qué decir

I'm going to the country for a while — me voy al campo (por) una temporada

I'm going away for a few days — me voy (por) unos cuantos días

he won't be back for a couple of hours/days — no regresará hasta dentro de un par de horas/días, tardará un par de horas/días en regresar

we went to the seaside for the day — fuimos a pasar el día en la playa

b) (with English perfect tenses)
Use hace... que and the present to describe actions and states that started in the past and are still going on. Alternatively use the present and desde hace. Another option is sometimes llevar and the gerund. Don't use the present perfect in Spanish to translate phrases like these, unless they are in the negative.
he has been learning French for two years — hace dos años que estudia francés, estudia francés desde hace dos años, lleva dos años estudiando francés

it has not rained for 3 weeks — hace 3 semanas que no llueve, no llueve or no ha llovido desde hace 3 semanas, lleva 3 semanas sin llover

I have known her for years — hace años que la conozco, la conozco desde hace años

I haven't seen her for two years — hace dos años que no la veo, no la he visto desde hace dos años, no la veo desde hace dos años, llevo dos años sin verla
Notice how the tenses change when talking about something that [had] happened or [had been] happening [for] a time:
he had been learning French for two years — hacía dos años que estudiaba francés, estudiaba francés desde hacía dos años, llevaba dos años estudiando francés

I hadn't seen her for two years — hacía dos años que no la veía, no la había visto desde hacía dos años, no la veía desde hacía dos años, llevaba dos años sin verla

15) (=by, before) para

can you do it for tomorrow? — ¿lo puedes hacer para mañana?

when does he want it for? — ¿para cuándo lo quiere?

16) (=on the occasion of) para

I'll be home for Christmas — estaré en casa para las Navidades

he asked his daughter what she would like for her birthday — le preguntó a su hija qué le gustaría para su cumpleaños

17) (=for a distance of)

there were roadworks for five miles — había obras a lo largo de cinco millas

we walked for two kilometres — caminamos dos kilómetros

you can see for miles from the top of the hill — desde lo alto de la colina se puede ver hasta muy lejos

18) (with infinitive clauses)

for this to be possible... — para que esto sea posible...

it's not for me to tell him what to do — yo no soy quien para decirle or no me corresponde a mí decirle lo que tiene que hacer

it's not for you to blame him — tú no eres quien para culparle

he brought it for us to see — lo trajo para que lo viéramos

their one hope is for him to return — su única esperanza es que regrese

• it's bad for you to smoke so much — te perjudica fumar tanto

• it's best for you to go — es mejor que te vayas

• there is still time for you to do it — todavía tienes tiempo para hacerlo

19) (in other expressions)

what's the German for "hill"? — ¿cómo se dice "colina" en alemán?

oh for a cup of tea! — ¡lo que daría por una taza de té!

- you're for it!

I'll be for it if he catches me here! * — ¡me la voy a cargar si me pilla aquí! *

- there's nothing for it but to jump
example
2.

CONJUNCTION liter pues, puesto que

she avoided him, for he was rude and uncouth — lo eludía puesto que or pues era grosero y ordinario

* * *

I [fɔːr, fɔː(r)], weak form [fər, fə(r)]
1) preposition

Sense I

2)

a) ( intended for) para

is there a letter for me? — ¿hay carta para mí?

my love for her — mi amor por ella

clothes for men/women — ropa de hombre/mujer

is it for sale? — ¿está en venta?, ¿se vende?

b) ( on behalf of) por

I did it for you — lo hice por ti

he plays for England — forma parte de or juega en la selección inglesa

they are agents for Ford — son concesionarios (de) Ford

c) ( in favor of) a favor de

3) ( indicating purpose)

what's that for? — ¿para qué es eso?, ¿eso para qué sirve?

it's for trimming hedges — es or sirve para recortar setos

it's for decoration — es de adorno

I ran for cover — corrí a guarecerme

an operation for a stomach ulcer — una operación de úlcera de estómago

it's for your own good! — es por tu (propio) bien!

to go out for a meal — salir* a comer fuera

I've come for my son — vengo a buscar a mi hijo

to be for it — (colloq)

here comes Dad, we're for it now! — ahí viene papá ahora sí que estamos listos or (Col tb) hechos or (CS tb) fritos! (fam)

4)

a) (as)

we're having chicken for dinner — vamos a cenar pollo or hay pollo para cenar

what's for dessert? — ¿qué hay de postre?

I can now see him for what he is — ahora me doy cuenta de cómo es en realidad

b) ( representing)

D for David — D de David

what's (the) German for ``ice cream''? — ¿cómo se dice ``helado'' en alemán?

c) ( instead of) por

could you call him for me? — ¿podrías llamarlo tú?, ¿me harías el favor de llamarlo?

5) ( giving reason) por

for that reason — por esa razón

if it weren't for Joe... — si no fuera por Joe...

for one thing it's too costly and for another we don't need it — para empezar es muy caro y además no lo necesitamos

6)

a) ( in exchange for) por

I bought the book for $10 — compré el libro por 10 dólares

not for anything in the world — por nada del mundo

she left him for somebody else — lo dejó por otro

b) ( indicating proportion) por

for every one we find, there are 20 that get away — por cada uno que encontramos, se nos escapan 20

7)

a) ( as concerns) para

it's too cold for me here — aquí hace demasiado frío para mí

that's men for you! — todos los hombres son iguales!

b) ( expressing appropriateness)

it's not for me to decide — no me corresponde a mí decidir

8)

a) ( in spite of)

for all her faults, she's been very kind to us — tendrá sus defectos, pero con nosotros ha sido muy buena

b) (with infinitive clause)

it's unusual for me to forget a name — es raro que se me olvide un nombre

is there time for us to have a cup of coffee? — ¿tenemos tiempo de tomar un café?

9) ( in exclamations)

oh, for some peace and quiet — qué (no) daría yo por un poco de paz y tranquilidad!

Sense II

10) ( in the direction of) para

the plane/bus for New York — el avión/autobús para or de Nueva York

11)

a) ( indicating duration)

he spoke for half an hour — habló (durante) media hora

I've only been here for a day — sólo llevo un día aquí, hace sólo un día que estoy aquí

I'll be away for a week — voy a estar fuera una semana

how long are you going for? — ¿por cuánto tiempo vas?, ¿cuánto tiempo te vas a quedar?

that's enough for now — basta por ahora

we've enough food for six weeks — tenemos comida suficiente para seis semanas

b) ( on the occasion of) para

he gave it to me for my birthday — me lo regaló para mi cumpleaños

c) (by, before) para

we have to be there for six o'clock — tenemos que estar allí a las seis

12) ( indicating distance)

we drove for 20 miles — hicimos 20 millas

we could see for miles — se podía ver hasta muy lejos

II

conjunction (liter) pues (liter), puesto que (frml), porque

English-spanish dictionary > for
3 Section II. Concluding and Transitional Provisions

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall come into force from the moment of its official publication according to the results of a nationwide referendum.
The day of the nationwide referendum of December 12, 1993 shall be considered to be the day of adopting the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Simultaneously The Constitution of Russia (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation – Russia, adopted on April 12, 1978 with all amendments and changes, shall become invalid. In case of non-compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the provisions of the Federal treaty – the Treaty on the Division of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Sovereign Republics within the Russian Federation, the Treaty on the Division of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Territories, Regions, Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation, the Treaty on the Division of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Autonomous Region, and Autonomous Areas within the Russian Federation, and also other treaties concluded between the federal bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation, treaties between the bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be applicable. 2. The laws and other legal acts acting in the territory of the Russian Federation before the given Constitution comes into force shall be applied in that part which does not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation. 3. The President of the Russian Federation, elected according to The Constitution of Russia (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation – Russia, since the given Constitution comes into force, since carry out the powers fixed in it until the term of office for which he was elected expires. 4. The Council of Ministers (Government) of the Russian Federation from the moment when the given Constitution comes into force shall acquire the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the Government of the Russian Federation fixed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and since then shall be called the Government of the Russian Federation. 5. The courts of the Russian Federation shall administer justice according to their powers fixed by the given Constitution. After the Constitution comes into force, the judges of all the courts of the Russian Federation shall retain their powers until the term they were elected for expires. Vacant positions shall be filled in according to the rules fixed by the given Constitution. 6. Until the adoption and coming into force of the federal law establishing the rules for considering cases by a court of jury, the existing rules of court examination of corresponding cases shall be preserved. Until the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation is brought into conformity with the provisions of the present Constitution, the previous rules for arrest, detention and keeping in custody of people suspected of committing crime shall be preserved. 7. The Council of the Federation of the first convocation and the State Duma of the first convocation shall be elected for a period of two years. 8. The Council of the Federation shall meet in its first sitting on the thirtieth day after its election. The first sitting of the Council of the Federation shall be opened by the President of the Russian Federation. 9. A deputy of the State Duma of the first convocation may be simultaneously a member of the Government of the Russian Federation. The provisions of the present Constitution on the immunity of deputies in that part which concerns the actions (inaction) connected with fulfillment of office duties shall not extend to the deputies of the State Duma, members of the Government of the Russian Federation. The deputies of the Council of the Federation of the first convocation shall exercise their powers on a non-permanent basis. __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Раздел II. Заключительные и переходные положения[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Abschnitt II. Die Schluss- und Uebergangsbestimmungen[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Titre II. Les Dispositions finales et transitoires[/ref]>

The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Section II. Concluding and Transitional Provisions
4 up

1. adverb
1) (to higher place) nach oben; (in lift) aufwärts

[right] up to something — (lit. or fig.) [ganz] bis zu etwas hinauf

the bird flew up to the roof — der Vogel flog aufs Dach [hinauf]

up into the air — in die Luft [hinauf]...

climb up on something/climb up to the top of something — auf etwas (Akk.) [hinauf]steigen/bis zur Spitze einer Sache hinaufsteigen

the way up [to something] — der Weg hinauf [zu etwas]

on the way up — (lit. or fig.) auf dem Weg nach oben

up here/there — hier herauf/dort hinauf

high/higher up — hoch/höher hinauf

farther up — weiter hinauf

halfway/a long/little way up — den halben Weg/ein weites/kurzes Stück hinauf

come on up! — komm [hier/weiter] herauf!

up it etc. comes/goes — herauf kommt/hinauf geht es usw.

up you go! — rauf mit dir! (ugs.)

2) (to upstairs, northwards) rauf (bes. ugs.); herauf/hinauf (bes. schriftsprachlich); nach oben

come up from London to Edinburgh — von London nach Edinburgh [he]raufkommen

3) (to place regarded as more important)

go up to Leeds from the country — vom Land in die Stadt Leeds od. nach Leeds fahren

4) (Brit.): (to capital) rein (bes. ugs.); herein/hinein (bes. schriftsprachlich)

go up to town or London — nach London gehen/fahren

get up to London from Reading — von Reading nach London [he]reinfahren

5) (in higher place, upstairs, in north) oben

up here/there — hier/da oben

high up — hoch oben

an order from high up — (fig.) ein Befehl von ganz oben (ugs.)

higher up in the mountains — weiter oben in den Bergen

the picture should be higher up — das Bild müsste höher hängen

farther up — weiter oben

halfway/a long/little way up — auf halbem Weg nach oben/ein gutes/kurzes Stück weiter oben

10 metres up — 10 Meter hoch

live four floors or storeys up — im vierten Stockwerk wohnen

his flat is on the next floor up — seine Wohnung ist ein Stockwerk höher

up north — oben im Norden (ugs.)

6) (erect) hoch

keep your head up — halte den Kopf hoch; see also academic.ru/12509/chin">chin

7) (out of bed)

be up — auf sein

up and about — auf den Beinen

8) (in place regarded as more important; Brit.): (in capital)

up in town or London/Leeds — in London/Leeds

9) (in price, value, amount)

prices have gone/are up — die Preise sind gestiegen

butter is up [by...] — Butter ist [...] teurer

10) (including higher limit)

up to — bis... hinauf

up to midday/up to £2 — bis zum Mittag/bis zu 2 Pfund

11) (in position of gain)

we're £300 up on last year — wir liegen 300 Pfund über dem letzten Jahr

the takings were £500 up on the previous month — die Einnahmen lagen 500 Pfund über denen des Vormonats

12) (ahead)

be three points/games/goals up — (Sport) mit drei Punkten/Spielen/Toren vorn liegen

be three points up on somebody — drei Punkte vor jemandem sein od. liegen

13) (as far as)

up to something — bis zu etwas

she is up to Chapter 3 — sie ist bis zum dritten Kapitel gekommen od. ist beim dritten Kapitel

up to here/there — bis hier[hin]/bis dorthin

I've had it up to here — (coll.) mir steht es bis hier [hin] (ugs.)

up to now/then/that time/last week — bis jetzt/damals/zu jener Zeit/zur letzten Woche

14)

up to — (comparable with)

be up to expectation[s] — den Erwartungen entsprechen

his last opera is not up to his others — seine neueste Oper reicht an seine früheren nicht heran

15)

up to — (capable of)

[not] be/feel up to something — einer Sache (Dat.) [nicht] gewachsen sein/sich einer Sache (Dat.) [nicht] gewachsen fühlen

[not] be/feel up to doing something — [nicht] in der Lage sein/sich nicht in der Lage fühlen, etwas zu tun

not be up to much — nicht viel taugen

16)

up to — (derog.): (doing)

be up to something — etwas anstellen (ugs.)

what is he up to? — was hat er [bloß] vor?

17)

it is [not] up to somebody to do something — (somebody's duty) es ist [nicht] jemandes Sache, etwas zu tun

it is up to us to help them — es ist unsere Pflicht, ihnen zu helfen

now it's up to him to do something — nun liegt es bei od. an ihm, etwas zu tun

it's/that's up to you — (is for you to decide) es/das hängt von dir ab; (concerns only you) es/das ist deine Sache

18) (close)

up against somebody/something — an jemandem/etwas [lehnen]; an jemanden/etwas [stellen]

sit up against the wall — mit dem Rücken zur od. an der Wand sitzen

19) (confronted by)

be up against a problem/difficulty — etc. (coll.) vor einem Problem/einer Schwierigkeit usw. stehen

be up against a tough opponent — es mit einem harten Gegner zu tun haben

be up against it — in großen Schwierigkeiten stecken

20)

up and down — (upwards and downwards) hinauf und hinunter; (to and fro) auf und ab

be up and down — (coll.): (variable) Hochs und Tiefs haben

21) (facing upwards)

‘this side/way up’ — (on box etc.) "[hier] oben"

turn something this/the other side/way up — diese/die andere Seite einer Sache nach oben drehen

the right/wrong way up — richtig/verkehrt od. falsch herum

22) (finished, at an end) abgelaufen

time is up — die Zeit ist abgelaufen
2. preposition
1) (upwards along, from bottom to top) rauf (bes. ugs.); herauf/hinauf (bes. schriftsprachlich)

walk up something — etwas hinaufgehen

up hill and down dale — bergauf und bergab

2) (upwards through)

force a liquid up a pipe — eine Flüssigkeit durch eine Röhre nach oben pressen

3) (upwards over)

up something — etwas (Akk.) hinauf

ivy grew up the wall — Efeu wuchs die Mauer hinauf

4) (along)

come up the street — die Straße herauf- od. entlangkommen

walk up and down the platform — auf dem Bahnsteig auf und ab gehen

5) (at or in higher position in or on) [weiter] oben

further up the ladder/coast — weiter oben auf der Leiter/an der Küste

6) (from bottom to top along)

up the side of a house — an der Seite eines Hauses hinauf
3. adjective
1) (directed upwards) aufwärts führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach oben; nach oben gerichtet [Kolbenhub]

up train/line — (Railw.) Zug/Gleis Richtung Stadt

2) (well-informed)

be up in a subject/on the news — in einem Fach auf der Höhe [der Zeit] sein/über alle Neuigkeiten Bescheid wissen od. gut informiert sein

3) (coll.): (ready)

tea['s]/grub['s] up! — Tee/Essen ist fertig!

4) (coll.): (amiss)

what's up? — was ist los? (ugs.)

something is up — irgendwas ist los (ugs.)
4. noun in pl.
the ups and downs — (lit. or fig.) das Auf und Ab; (fig.) die Höhen und Tiefen
5. intransitive verb,
- pp- (coll.)

up and leave/resign — einfach abhauen (ugs.) /kündigen

he ups and says... — da sagt er doch [ur]plötzlich...
6. transitive verb,
- pp- (coll.) (increase) erhöhen; (raise up) heben

* * *

(to become covered (as if) with mist: The mirror misted over; The windscreen misted up.) beschlagen

* * *

up

[ʌp]

I. adv inv

1. (to higher position) nach oben, hinauf; lift aufwärts

hands \up! Hände hoch!

the water had come \up to the level of the windows das Wasser war bis auf Fensterhöhe gestiegen

four flights \up from here vier Etagen höher

come on \up! komm [hier] herauf!

\up it/she etc. comes! herauf kommt es/sie!

\up you go! rauf mit dir! fam

bottom \up mit der Unterseite nach oben

halfway \up auf halber Höhe

high \up hoch hinauf

farther \up weiter hinauf

\up and \up immer höher

\up and away auf und davon

2. (erect) aufrecht

just lean it \up against the wall lehnen Sie es einfach gegen die Wand

3. (out of bed) auf

is he \up yet? ist er schon auf?

to be \up late lange aufbleiben

\up and about auf den Beinen

4. (northwards) hinauf, herauf, rauf fam

on Tuesday she'll be travelling \up to Newcastle from Birmingham am Dienstag fährt sie von Birmingham nach Newcastle hinauf

she comes \up from Washington about once a month sie kommt ungefähr einmal im Monat aus Washington herauf

\up north oben im Norden

5. (at higher place) oben

farther \up weiter oben

\up here/there hier/da oben

a long/little way \up ein gutes/kurzes Stück weiter oben

\up in the hills [dr]oben in den Bergen

2 metres \up 2 Meter hoch

I live on the next floor \up ich wohne ein Stockwerk höher

6. BRIT (towards city)

I'll be \up in London this weekend ich fahre an diesem Wochenende nach London

\up from the country vom Land

7. BRIT (at university)

is he \up at Cambridge yet? hat er schon [mit seinem Studium] in Cambridge angefangen?

8. (toward)

▪ \up to sb/sth auf jdn/etw zu

a limousine drew \up to where we were standing eine Limousine kam auf uns zu

she went \up to the counter sie ging zum Schalter

to run \up to sb jdm entgegenlaufen

to walk \up to sb auf jdn zugehen

9. (in high position) an der Spitze, oben fam

as a composer he was \up there with the best als Komponist gehörte er zur Spitze

she's something high \up in the company sie ist ein hohes Tier in der Firma

10. (higher in price or number) höher

last year the company's turnover was £240 billion, \up 3% on the previous year letztes Jahr lag der Umsatz der Firma bei 240 Milliarden Pfund, das sind 3 % mehr als im Jahr davor

items on this rack are priced [from] £50 \up die Waren in diesem Regal kosten ab 50 Pfund aufwärts

this film is suitable for children aged 13 and \up dieser Film ist für Kinder ab 13 Jahren geeignet

11. (to point of)

\up until [or till] [or to] bis + akk

\up to yesterday bis gestern

he can overdraw \up to £300 er kann bis zu 300 Pfund überziehen

12. (in opposition to)

to be \up against sb/sth es mit jdm/etw zu tun haben, sich akk mit jdm/etw konfrontiert sehen

the company was \up against some problems die Firma stand vor einigen Problemen

to be \up against it in Schwierigkeiten sein

to be \up against the law gegen das Gesetz stehen, mit dem Gesetz in Konflikt kommen

13. (depend on)

to be \up to sb von jdm abhängen

I'll leave it \up to you ich überlasse dir die Entscheidung

to be \up to sb to do sth jds Aufgabe sein, etw zu tun

14. (contrive)

to be \up to sth etw vorhaben [o im Schilde führen]

he's \up to no good er führt nichts Gutes im Schilde

15. (be adequate)

to be \up to sth einer Sache dat gewachsen sein, bei einer Sache dat mithalten können

do you feel \up to the challenge? fühlst du dich dieser Herausforderung gewachsen?

to be \up to doing sth in der Lage sein, etw zu tun

are you sure you're \up to it? bist du sicher, dass du das schaffst?

to not be \up to much nicht viel taugen

his German isn't \up to much sein Deutsch ist nicht besonders gut

16. (comparable with)

to be \up to expectations den Erwartungen entsprechen

her latest book is just not \up to her previous successes ihr neuestes Buch reicht an ihren früheren Erfolgen einfach nicht heran

17. AM (apiece) pro Person

the score was 3 \up at half-time bei Halbzeit stand es 3 [für] beide

18. ( dated fam: yes for)

\up with sb/sth hoch lebe jd/etw

\up with freedom! es lebe die Freiheit!

19.

▶ it's all \up with sb es ist aus mit jdm

▶ to be \up with the clock gut in der Zeit liegen

▶ to be \up to the ears [or eyeballs] [or neck] in problems bis zum Hals in Schwierigkeiten stecken

II. prep

1. (to higher position) hinauf, herauf, rauf fam

\up the ladder/mountain/stairs die Leiter/den Berg/die Treppe hinauf

2. (along)

[just] \up the road ein Stück die Straße hinauf, weiter oben in der Straße

to walk \up the road die Straße hinaufgehen [o entlanggehen]

\up and down auf und ab

he was running \up and down the path er rannte den Pfad auf und ab

he was strolling \up and down the corridor er schlenderte auf dem Gang auf und ab

\up and down the country überall im Land

3. (against flow)

\up the river/stream fluss-/bachauf[wärts]

a cruise \up the Rhine eine Fahrt den Rhein aufwärts [o rheinauf[wärts]

4. (at top of)

▪ \up sth oben auf etw dat

he's \up that ladder er steht dort oben auf der Leiter

\up the stairs am Ende der Treppe

5. AUS, BRIT ( fam: to)

are you going \up the club tonight? gehst du heute Abend in den Klub?; (at)

I'll see you \up the pub later ich treffe dich [o wir sehen uns] später in der Kneipe

6.

▶ be \up the creek [or ( vulg sl)\up shit creek] [without a paddle] [schön] in der Klemme [o derb Scheiße] sitzen

▶ \up hill and down dale bergauf und bergab

he led me \up hill and down dale till my feet were dropping off er führte mich quer durch die Gegend, bis mir fast die Füße abfielen fam

▶ \up top BRIT ( fam) im Kopf

a man with nothing much \up top ein Mann mit nicht viel im Kopf [o fam Hirnkasten]

▶ \up yours! ( vulg) ihr könnt/du kannst mich mal! derb

III. adj inv

1. attr (moving upward) nach oben

the \up escalator der Aufzug nach oben

2. attr BRIT ( dated: travelling toward the city)

what time does the next \up train leave? wann fährt der nächste Zug in die Stadt ab?

\up platform Bahnsteig, von dem die Züge in die nächstgelegene Stadt abfahren

3. attr PHYS

\up quark Up-Quark nt

4. pred (out of bed) auf[gestanden]

5. pred (erect) collar hochgeschlagen

6. pred (leading) in Führung

Manchester is two goals \up Manchester liegt mit zwei Toren in Führung

7. pred BRIT, AUS (being repaired) road aufgegraben, aufgerissen SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR

the council has got the road \up der Stadtrat hat die Straße aufgraben lassen

8. pred (more intense)

the wind is \up der Wind hat aufgedreht

the river is \up der Fluss ist angeschwollen

9. pred (in horseracing) zu Pferd

10. pred (happy) high sl, obenauf

▪ to be \up about [or on] [or for] sth von etw dat begeistert sein

I'm really \up for spending a posh weekend in Paris ich freue mich total darauf, ein tolles Wochenende in Paris zu verbringen fam

11. pred BRIT ( dated: frothy) schäumend

12. pred (functioning properly) funktionstüchtig

do you know when the server will be \up again? weißt du, wann der Server wieder in Betrieb ist?

this computer is down more than it's \up dieser Computer ist öfter gestört, als dass er läuft

to be \up and running funktionstüchtig [o in Ordnung] sein

to get sth \up and running etw wieder zum Laufen bringen

13. pred (in baseball) am Schlag

14. pred (finished) time, hours vorbei, um

your time is \up! Ihre Zeit ist um!

the soldier's leave will be \up at midnight der Ausgang des Soldaten endet um Mitternacht

15. pred ( fam: happening)

something is \up irgendetwas ist im Gange

what's \up? was ist los?

16. pred (informed)

▪ to be \up in sth sich akk mit etw dat auskennen

how well \up are you in Spanish? wie fit bist du in Spanisch? fam

17. pred (scheduled)

▪ to be \up for sth für etw akk vorgesehen sein; terms zur Debatte stehen

the house is \up for sale das Haus steht zum Verkauf

18. pred LAW (on trial) unter Anklage

he'll be \up before the magistrate er wird sich vor Gericht verantworten müssen

▪ to be \up for sth sich akk wegen einer S. gen vor Gericht verantworten müssen

to be \up for trial person vor Gericht stehen; case verhandelt werden

19. pred (interested in)

▪ to be \up for sth:

I think I'm \up for a walk ich glaube, ich habe Lust, spazieren zu gehen [o auf einen Spaziergang]

I'm \up for going out to eat ich hätte Lust, essen zu gehen

IV. n ( fam: good period) Hoch nt

unfortunately, we won't always have \ups leider gibt es für uns nicht immer nur Höhen

\ups and downs gute und schlechte Zeiten

▶ to be on the \up and \up BRIT, AUS ( fam: be improving) im Aufwärtstrend begriffen sein; esp AM (be honest) sauber sein fam

her career has been on the \up and \up since she moved into sales seit sie im Vertrieb ist, geht es mit ihrer Karriere stetig aufwärts

is this deal on the \up and \up? ist das ein sauberes Geschäft?

V. vi

<- pp->

( fam)

▪ to \up and do sth etw plötzlich tun

after dinner they just \upped and went without saying goodbye nach dem Abendessen gingen sie einfach weg, ohne auf Wiedersehen zu sagen

VI. vt

<- pp->

▪ to \up sth

1. (increase) capacity etw erhöhen

to \up the ante [or stakes] den Einsatz erhöhen

to \up a price/tax rate einen Preis/Steuersatz anheben

2. (raise) etw erheben

they \upped their glasses and toasted the host sie erhoben das Glas und brachten einen Toast auf den Gastgeber aus

VII. interj auf!, los, aufstehen!

* * *
[ʌp]
1. ADVERB

1) indicating position = in high or higher position oben; (= to higher position) nach oben

up there — dort oben, droben ( liter, S Ger

up here on the roof — hier oben auf dem Dach

on your way up (to see us/them) — auf dem Weg (zu uns/ihnen) hinauf

he climbed all the way up (to us/them) — er ist den ganzen Weg (zu uns/ihnen) hochgeklettert

to stop halfway up — auf halber Höhe anhalten

we were 6,000 m up when... — wir waren 6.000 m hoch, als...

5 floors up — 5 Stockwerke hoch

3 floors up from me — 3 Stockwerke über mir

they were up above — sie waren hoch oben

I looked up (above) — ich schaute nach oben

this side up — diese Seite oben!

a little further up — ein bisschen weiter oben

to go a little further up —

hang the picture a bit higher up — häng das Bild ein bisschen höher

stick the notice up here — häng den Anschlag hier hin

from up on the hill — vom Berg oben

up on top (of the cupboard) — ganz oben (auf dem Schrank)

up in the mountains/sky — oben or droben ( liter, S Ger ) in den Bergen/am Himmel

the temperature was up in the thirties — die Temperatur war über dreißig Grad

the sun/moon is up —

the tide is up — es ist Flut, die Flut ist da

the wind is up — der Wind hat aufgefrischt

with his collar up — mit hochgeschlagenem Kragen

the road is up (Brit) — die Straße ist aufgegraben

to be up with the leaders — vorn bei den Führenden sein

to move up into the lead —

Red Rum with Joe Smith up — Red Rum unter Joe Smith

up and away the balloon sailed — der Ballon stieg auf und schwebte davon

then up jumps Richard and says... — und dann springt Richard auf und sagt...

the needle was up at 95 —

come on, up, that's my chair! up! he shouted to his horse — komm, auf mit dir, das ist mein Stuhl! spring! schrie er seinem Pferd zu

up with the Liberals! — hoch die Liberalen!

up with Spurs! — Spurs hoch!

up yours! (sl) — leck mich (inf), fick dich!(vulg)

2)

= installed, built to be up (building) — stehen; (tent also) aufgeschlagen sein; (scaffolding) aufgestellt sein; (notice) hängen, angeschlagen sein; (picture) hängen, aufgehängt sein; (shutters) zu sein; (shelves, wallpaper, curtains, pictures) hängen

the new houses went up very quickly — die neuen Häuser sind sehr schnell gebaut or hochgezogen (inf) worden __diams; to be up and running laufen; (committee etc) in Gang sein; (business etc) einwandfrei funktionieren

have you got your computer up and running yet? — läuft dein Computer schon?

3) = not in bed auf

up (with you)! — auf mit dir!, raus aus dem Bett (inf)

to be up and about — auf sein; (after illness also) auf den Beinen sein

4) = north oben

up in Inverness — in Inverness oben, oben in Inverness

we are going up to Aberdeen — wir fahren nach Aberdeen (hinauf)

to be/live up north — im Norden sein/wohnen

to go up north —

up from the country — vom Lande

we're up for the day —

he was up at Susie's place — er war bei Susie zu Hause

5) = at university Brit am Studienort

the students are only up for half the year — die Studenten sind nur die Hälfte des Jahres am Studienort

to go up to Cambridge — (zum Studium) nach Cambridge gehen

he was up at Oxford in 1982 — er hat 1982 in Oxford studiert

6) in price, value gestiegen (on gegenüber)

my shares are up 70p — meine Aktien sind um 70 Pence gestiegen

then up go prices again — und wieder steigen die Preise

7)

in score to be 3 goals up — mit 3 Toren führen or vorn liegen (on gegenüber)

the score was 9 up (US) —

I'll play you 100 up — ich spiele auf 100 (mit dir)

we were £100 up on the deal — wir haben bei dem Geschäft £ 100 gemacht

to be one up on sb — jdm um einen Schritt voraus sein

8)

= upwards from £10 up — von £ 10 (an) aufwärts, ab £ 10

from the age of 13 up — ab (dem Alter von) 13 Jahren, von 13 Jahren aufwärts

9)

= wrong inf what's up? —

what's up with him? — was ist mit dem los?, was ist los mit ihm?

there's something up with it — irgendetwas stimmt damit nicht or hier nicht

10) = knowledgeable firm, beschlagen (in, on in +dat)

he's well up on foreign affairs —

I'm not very up on French history — in französischer Geschichte bin ich nicht sehr beschlagen

11)

= finished time's up — die Zeit ist um, die Zeit ist zu Ende

the weekend is nearly up — das Wochenende ist fast zu Ende or fast vorüber

to eat/use sth up —

it's all up with him (inf) — es ist aus mit ihm (inf), es ist mit ihm zu Ende

12)

set structures __diams; up against it was up against the wall — es war an die Wand gelehnt

put it up against the wall — lehne es an die Wand

to be up against a difficulty/an opponent — einem Problem/Gegner gegenüberstehen, es mit einem Problem/Gegner zu tun haben

I fully realize what I'm up against — mir ist völlig klar, womit ich es hier zu tun habe

they were really up against it — sie hatten wirklich schwer zu schaffen __diams; up and down auf und ab

to walk up and down —

to bounce up and down — hochfedern, auf und ab hüpfen

he's been up and down all evening (from seat) — er hat den ganzen Abend keine Minute still gesessen; (on stairs) er ist den ganzen Abend die Treppe rauf- und runtergerannt

she's still a bit up and down (after illness etc) — es geht ihr immer noch mal besser, mal schlechter

the matter is up before the committee — die Sache ist vor dem Ausschuss

the boys were up before the head teacher — die Jungen sind vor den Direktor zitiert worden

to be up before the Court/before Judge Smith (case) — verhandelt werden/von Richter Smith verhandelt werden; (person) vor Gericht/Richter Smith stehen

to be up for sale — zu verkaufen sein

to be up for discussion — zur Diskussion stehen

to be up for election (candidate) — zur Wahl aufgestellt sein; (candidates) zur Wahl stehen

to be up for trial — vor Gericht stehen __diams; up to = as far as bis

up to now/here — bis jetzt/hier

to count up to 100 — bis 100 zählen

up to £100 —

it holds up to 8 — es fasst bis zu 8

I'm up to here in work/debt (inf) — ich stecke bis hier in Arbeit/Schulden

I'm full up to here (inf) — ich bin bis oben (hin) voll (inf)

what page are you up to? — bis zu welcher Seite bist du gekommen?

I don't feel up to it — ich fühle mich dem nicht gewachsen

it isn't up to much — damit ist nicht viel los

is he up to the heavier weights? — schafft er schwerere Gewichte?

he isn't up to running the company by himself — er hat nicht das Zeug dazu, die Firma allein zu leiten

it isn't up to his usual standard — das ist nicht sein sonstiges Niveau

we're going up Ben Nevis – are you sure you're up to it? — wir wollen Ben Nevis besteigen – glaubst du, dass du das schaffst? __diams; to be up to sb

it's up to us to help him — wir sollten ihm helfen

if it were up to me —

the success of this project is up to you now — wie erfolgreich dieses Projekt wird, hängt jetzt nur noch von Ihnen (selbst) ab, es liegt jetzt ganz an Ihnen, ob dieses Projekt ein Erfolg wird

it's up to you whether you go or not — es liegt an or bei dir or es bleibt dir überlassen, ob du gehst oder nicht

I'd like to accept, but it isn't up to me — ich würde gerne annehmen, aber ich habe da nicht zu bestimmen or aber das hängt nicht von mir ab

shall I take it? – that's entirely up to you — soll ich es nehmen? – das müssen Sie selbst wissen

what colour shall I choose? – (it's) up to you — welche Farbe soll ich nehmen? – das ist deine Entscheidung

it's up to the government to put this right —

it's not up to the government — das ist nicht Sache der Regierung

what have you been up to? — was hast du angestellt?

what are you up to with that? — was hast du damit vor?

he's up to no good —

I'm sure he's up to something (child) hey you! what do you think you're up to! — ich bin sicher, er hat etwas vor or (sth suspicious) er führt irgendetwas im Schilde ich bin sicher, er stellt irgendetwas an he Sie, was machen Sie eigentlich da!

what does he think he's up to? — was soll das eigentlich?, was hat er eigentlich vor?

2. PREPOSITION
oben auf (+dat); (with movement) hinauf (+acc)
further up the page — weiter oben auf der Seite

to live up the hill — am Berg wohnen

to go up the hill — den Berg hinaufgehen

they live further up the hill/street — sie wohnen weiter oben am Berg/weiter die Straße entlang

he lives up a dark alley — er wohnt am Ende einer dunklen Gasse

up the road from me — (von mir) die Straße entlang

he went off up the road — er ging (weg) die Straße hinauf

he hid it up the chimney — er versteckte es (oben) im Kamin

the water goes up this pipe — das Wasser geht durch dieses Rohr

up one's sleeve (position) — im Ärmel; (motion) in den Ärmel

as I travel up and down the country —

I've been up and down the stairs all night — ich bin in der Nacht immer nur die Treppe rauf- und runtergerannt

he was up the pub ( Brit inf ) — er war in der Kneipe

let's go up the pub/up Johnny's place (inf) — gehen wir doch zur Kneipe/zu Johnny (inf)

to go up to sb — auf jdn zugehen

3. NOUN
__diams; ups and downs gute und schlechte Zeiten pl; (of life) Höhen und Tiefen pl
after many ups and downs — nach vielen Höhen und Tiefen

they have their ups and downs — bei ihnen gibt es auch gute und schlechte Zeiten __diams; to be on the up and up ( inf

he/his career is on the up and up (inf) — mit ihm/seiner Karriere geht es aufwärts

4. ADJECTIVE
(= going up) escalator nach oben; (RAIL) train, line zur nächsten größeren Stadt
platform 14 is the up platform — auf Bahnsteig 14 fahren die Züge nach London etc

5. TRANSITIVE VERB
(inf) price, offer hinaufsetzen; production ankurbeln; bet erhöhen (to auf +acc)
6. INTRANSITIVE VERB
(inf)
she upped and left him — sie verließ ihn ganz plötzlich or Knall auf Fall (inf)

he upped and ran — er rannte ganz plötzlich davon

* * *

up [ʌp]

A adv

1. a) nach oben, hoch, herauf, hinauf, in die Höhe, empor, aufwärts

b) oben (auch fig):

face up (mit dem) Gesicht nach oben;

… and up und (noch) höher oder mehr, von … aufwärts;

up and up höher und höher, immer höher;

farther up weiter hinauf oder (nach) oben;

three storeys up drei Stock hoch, (oben) im dritten Stock (-werk);

up and down

a) auf und ab, hin und her oder zurück,

b) fig überall;

buttoned all the way up bis oben (hin) zugeknöpft;

up from

a) (heraus) aus,

b) von … an, angefangen von …;

up from the country vom Lande;

from my youth up von Jugend auf, seit meiner Jugend;

up till now bis jetzt

2. weiter (nach oben), höher (auch fig):

up north weiter im Norden

3. flussaufwärts, den Fluss hinauf

4. nach oder im Norden:

up from Cuba von Kuba aus in nördlicher Richtung

5. a) in der oder in die ( besonders Haupt)Stadt

b) Br besonders in oder nach London:

he’s up for a week Br er ist eine Woche (lang) in London

6. Br am oder zum Studienort, im College etc:

he stayed up for the vacation

7. US umg in (dat):

up north im Norden

8. aufrecht, gerade:

sit up gerade sitzen

9. up to auf … (akk) zu, zu … (hin):

he went straight up to the door er ging geradewegs auf die Tür zu oder zur Tür

10. SPORT etc erzielt (Punktzahl):

with a hundred up mit hundert (Punkten)

11. Tischtennis etc: auf:

two up zwei auf, beide zwei

12. Baseball: am Schlag

13. SCHIFF luvwärts, gegen den Wind

14. up to

a) hinauf nach oder zu,

b) bis (zu), bis an oder auf (akk),

c) gemäß, entsprechend:

up to six months bis zu sechs Monaten;

up to town in die Stadt, Br besonders nach London;

up to death bis zum Tode; → chin A, count¹ C 1, date² A 10, expectation 1, mark¹ A 13, par A 3, scratch A 5, standard¹ A 6

15. be up to meist umg

a) etwas vorhaben, etwas im Schilde führen,

b) gewachsen sein (dat),

c) entsprechen (dat),

d) jemandes Sache sein, abhängen von,

e) fähig oder bereit sein zu,

f) vorbereitet oder gefasst sein auf (akk),

g) vertraut sein mit, sich auskennen in (dat):

what are you up to? was hast du vor?, was machst du ( there da)?;

he is up to no good er führt nichts Gutes im Schilde;

it is up to him es liegt an ihm, es hängt von ihm ab, es ist seine Sache;

it is not up to much es taugt nicht viel;

he is not up to much mit ihm ist nicht viel los; → snuff¹ C 3, trick A 1, A 2

16. (in Verbindung mit Verben [siehe jeweils diese] besonders als Intensivum)

a) auf…, aus…, ver…

b) zusammen…

B int up! auf!, hoch!, herauf!, hinauf!:

up (with you)! (steh) auf!;

up …! hoch (lebe) …!; → bottom A 1

C präp

1. auf … (akk) (hinauf):

up the ladder die Leiter hinauf;

up the street die Straße hinauf oder entlang;

up yours! vulg leck(t) mich (doch)!

2. in das Innere eines Landes etc (hinein):

up (the) country landeinwärts

3. gegen:

up (the) wind

4. oben an oder auf (dat), an der Spitze (gen):

up the tree (oben) auf dem Baum;

further up the road weiter oben in der Straße;

up the yard hinten im Hof

D adj

1. Aufwärts…, nach oben gerichtet

2. im Inneren (des Landes etc)

3. nach der oder zur Stadt:

up train;

up platform Bahnsteig m für Stadtzüge

4. a) oben (befindlich), (nach oben) gestiegen

b) hoch (auch fig):

be up fig an der Spitze sein, obenauf sein ( → D 6, D 11);

he is well up in that subject umg in diesem Fach ist er auf der Höhe oder gut beschlagen oder firm;

prices are up die Preise sind gestiegen;

wheat is up WIRTSCH der Weizen steht hoch (im Kurs), der Weizenpreis ist gestiegen

5. höher

6. auf(gestanden), auf den Beinen (auch fig):

be up auf sein ( → D 4, D 11);

be up and about (again) (wieder) auf den Beinen sein;

be up late lange aufbleiben;

be up again wieder obenauf sein;

be up against a hard job umg vor einer schwierigen Aufgabe stehen;

be up against it umg in der Klemme sein oder sitzen oder stecken

7. (zum Sprechen) aufgestanden:

the Home Secretary is up der Innenminister will sprechen oder spricht

8. PARL Br geschlossen:

Parliament is up das Parlament hat seine Sitzungen beendet oder hat sich vertagt

9. (bei verschiedenen Substantiven)

a) aufgegangen (Sonne, Samen)

b) hochgeschlagen (Kragen)

c) hochgekrempelt (Ärmel etc)

d) aufgespannt (Schirm)

e) aufgeschlagen (Zelt)

f) hoch-, aufgezogen (Vorhang etc)

g) aufgestiegen (Ballon etc)

h) aufgeflogen (Vogel)

i) angeschwollen (Fuß etc)

10. schäumend (Getränk):

the cider is up der Apfelwein schäumt

11. be up (einwandfrei) funktionieren (Computer) ( → D 4, D 6);

up time Benutzerzeit f

12. umg in Aufruhr, erregt:

his temper is up er ist erregt oder aufgebracht;

the whole country was up das ganze Land befand sich in Aufruhr; → arm² Bes Redew, blood A 2

13. umg los, im Gange:

what’s up? was ist los?;

is anything up? ist (irgendet)was los?; → hunt A 1

14. zu Ende, abgelaufen, vorbei, um:

it’s all up es ist alles aus;

it’s all up with him koll es ist aus mit ihm; → game¹ A 6, time A 11

15. up with jemandem ebenbürtig oder gewachsen

16. up for bereit zu:

be up for election auf der Wahlliste stehen;

be up for examination sich einer Prüfung unterziehen;

be up for murder JUR unter Mordanklage stehen;

be up for sale zum Kauf stehen;

be up for trial JUR

a) vor Gericht stehen,

b) verhandelt werden

17. SPORT, Spiel: um einen Punkt etc voraus:

be one up;

one up for you eins zu null für dich (a. fig)

E v/i

1. umg aufstehen, aufspringen:

up and ask sb jemanden plötzlich fragen

2. up with US umg etwas hochreißen:

he upped with his shotgun

3. besonders US sl Aufputschmittel nehmen

F v/t umg einen Preis, die Produktion etc erhöhen

G s

1. Aufwärtsbewegung f, An-, Aufstieg m:

the ups and downs pl das Auf und Ab;

the ups and downs of life die Höhen und Tiefen des Lebens;

he has had many ups and downs in his life er hat schon viele Höhen und Tiefen erlebt;

on the up and up umg

a) Br im Steigen (begriffen), im Kommen,

b) US in Ordnung, anständig, ehrlich;

our firm’s on the up and up Br umg mit unserer Firma geht es aufwärts, unsere Firma ist im Aufwind;

he’s on the up and up umg er macht keine krummen Touren

2. umg Preisanstieg m, Wertzuwachs m

3. besonders US → upper B 4

* * *
1. adverb
1) (to higher place) nach oben; (in lift) aufwärts

[right] up to something — (lit. or fig.) [ganz] bis zu etwas hinauf

the bird flew up to the roof — der Vogel flog aufs Dach [hinauf]

up into the air — in die Luft [hinauf]...

climb up on something/climb up to the top of something — auf etwas (Akk.) [hinauf]steigen/bis zur Spitze einer Sache hinaufsteigen

the way up [to something] — der Weg hinauf [zu etwas]

on the way up — (lit. or fig.) auf dem Weg nach oben

up here/there — hier herauf/dort hinauf

high/higher up — hoch/höher hinauf

farther up — weiter hinauf

halfway/a long/little way up — den halben Weg/ein weites/kurzes Stück hinauf

come on up! — komm [hier/weiter] herauf!

up it etc. comes/goes — herauf kommt/hinauf geht es usw.

up you go! — rauf mit dir! (ugs.)

2) (to upstairs, northwards) rauf (bes. ugs.); herauf/hinauf (bes. schriftsprachlich); nach oben

come up from London to Edinburgh — von London nach Edinburgh [he]raufkommen

3) (to place regarded as more important)

go up to Leeds from the country — vom Land in die Stadt Leeds od. nach Leeds fahren

4) (Brit.): (to capital) rein (bes. ugs.); herein/hinein (bes. schriftsprachlich)

go up to town or London — nach London gehen/fahren

get up to London from Reading — von Reading nach London [he]reinfahren

5) (in higher place, upstairs, in north) oben

up here/there — hier/da oben

high up — hoch oben

an order from high up — (fig.) ein Befehl von ganz oben (ugs.)

higher up in the mountains — weiter oben in den Bergen

the picture should be higher up — das Bild müsste höher hängen

farther up — weiter oben

halfway/a long/little way up — auf halbem Weg nach oben/ein gutes/kurzes Stück weiter oben

10 metres up — 10 Meter hoch

live four floors or storeys up — im vierten Stockwerk wohnen

his flat is on the next floor up — seine Wohnung ist ein Stockwerk höher

up north — oben im Norden (ugs.)

6) (erect) hoch

keep your head up — halte den Kopf hoch; see also chin

7) (out of bed)

be up — auf sein

up and about — auf den Beinen

8) (in place regarded as more important; Brit.): (in capital)

up in town or London/Leeds — in London/Leeds

9) (in price, value, amount)

prices have gone/are up — die Preise sind gestiegen

butter is up [by...] — Butter ist [...] teurer

10) (including higher limit)

up to — bis... hinauf

up to midday/up to £2 — bis zum Mittag/bis zu 2 Pfund

11) (in position of gain)

we're £300 up on last year — wir liegen 300 Pfund über dem letzten Jahr

the takings were £500 up on the previous month — die Einnahmen lagen 500 Pfund über denen des Vormonats

12) (ahead)

be three points/games/goals up — (Sport) mit drei Punkten/Spielen/Toren vorn liegen

be three points up on somebody — drei Punkte vor jemandem sein od. liegen

13) (as far as)

up to something — bis zu etwas

she is up to Chapter 3 — sie ist bis zum dritten Kapitel gekommen od. ist beim dritten Kapitel

up to here/there — bis hier[hin]/bis dorthin

I've had it up to here — (coll.) mir steht es bis hier [hin] (ugs.)

up to now/then/that time/last week — bis jetzt/damals/zu jener Zeit/zur letzten Woche

14)

up to — (comparable with)

be up to expectation[s] — den Erwartungen entsprechen

his last opera is not up to his others — seine neueste Oper reicht an seine früheren nicht heran

15)

up to — (capable of)

[not] be/feel up to something — einer Sache (Dat.) [nicht] gewachsen sein/sich einer Sache (Dat.) [nicht] gewachsen fühlen

[not] be/feel up to doing something — [nicht] in der Lage sein/sich nicht in der Lage fühlen, etwas zu tun

not be up to much — nicht viel taugen

16)

up to — (derog.): (doing)

be up to something — etwas anstellen (ugs.)

what is he up to? — was hat er [bloß] vor?

17)

it is [not] up to somebody to do something — (somebody's duty) es ist [nicht] jemandes Sache, etwas zu tun

it is up to us to help them — es ist unsere Pflicht, ihnen zu helfen

now it's up to him to do something — nun liegt es bei od. an ihm, etwas zu tun

it's/that's up to you — (is for you to decide) es/das hängt von dir ab; (concerns only you) es/das ist deine Sache

18) (close)

up against somebody/something — an jemandem/etwas [lehnen]; an jemanden/etwas [stellen]

sit up against the wall — mit dem Rücken zur od. an der Wand sitzen

19) (confronted by)

be up against a problem/difficulty — etc. (coll.) vor einem Problem/einer Schwierigkeit usw. stehen

be up against a tough opponent — es mit einem harten Gegner zu tun haben

be up against it — in großen Schwierigkeiten stecken

20)

up and down — (upwards and downwards) hinauf und hinunter; (to and fro) auf und ab

be up and down — (coll.): (variable) Hochs und Tiefs haben

21) (facing upwards)

‘this side/way up’ — (on box etc.) "[hier] oben"

turn something this/the other side/way up — diese/die andere Seite einer Sache nach oben drehen

the right/wrong way up — richtig/verkehrt od. falsch herum

22) (finished, at an end) abgelaufen

time is up — die Zeit ist abgelaufen
2. preposition
1) (upwards along, from bottom to top) rauf (bes. ugs.); herauf/hinauf (bes. schriftsprachlich)

walk up something — etwas hinaufgehen

up hill and down dale — bergauf und bergab

2) (upwards through)

force a liquid up a pipe — eine Flüssigkeit durch eine Röhre nach oben pressen

3) (upwards over)

up something — etwas (Akk.) hinauf

ivy grew up the wall — Efeu wuchs die Mauer hinauf

4) (along)

come up the street — die Straße herauf- od. entlangkommen

walk up and down the platform — auf dem Bahnsteig auf und ab gehen

5) (at or in higher position in or on) [weiter] oben

further up the ladder/coast — weiter oben auf der Leiter/an der Küste

6) (from bottom to top along)

up the side of a house — an der Seite eines Hauses hinauf
3. adjective
1) (directed upwards) aufwärts führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach oben; nach oben gerichtet [Kolbenhub]

up train/line — (Railw.) Zug/Gleis Richtung Stadt

2) (well-informed)

be up in a subject/on the news — in einem Fach auf der Höhe [der Zeit] sein/über alle Neuigkeiten Bescheid wissen od. gut informiert sein

3) (coll.): (ready)

tea['s]/grub['s] up! — Tee/Essen ist fertig!

4) (coll.): (amiss)

what's up? — was ist los? (ugs.)

something is up — irgendwas ist los (ugs.)
4. noun in pl.
the ups and downs — (lit. or fig.) das Auf und Ab; (fig.) die Höhen und Tiefen
5. intransitive verb,
- pp- (coll.)

up and leave/resign — einfach abhauen (ugs.) /kündigen

he ups and says... — da sagt er doch [ur]plötzlich...
6. transitive verb,
- pp- (coll.) (increase) erhöhen; (raise up) heben

* * *

adv.

auf adv.

aufwärts adv.

hinauf adv.

hoch adj.

oben adv. prep.

auf präp.

English-german dictionary > up
5 pass

I
1. [pɑ:s] n

I

1. 1) проход; путь

the guide showed us the pass through the wood - проводник показал нам путь через лес

2) путь, подход, ключ (к чему-л.)

she found the pass to his heart - она нашла ключ к его сердцу

3) канал

the government's power to shut and open the passes of trade - полномочия правительства открывать и закрывать каналы торговли

2. проход, узкая улица, переулок; проулок

a narrow pass with low houses - узкий проход между невысокими домами

3. ущелье, дефиле, перевал, седловина

a mountain pass - горный перевал

the Pass of Thermopylae - ист. Фермопильское ущелье

wooded pass - лесистое ущелье

the height of the pass is... - высота перевала...

a house on a pass - домик на перевале

a pass over Andes - перевал через Анды

4. 1) воен. стратегическое укрепление, высота

they defended the pass of the bridge - они обороняли предмостное укрепление

2) форт, крепость в горах

5. 1) фарватер, пролив, судоходное русло; судоходный канал

2) рыбоход

3) редк. брод, переезд ( на реке)

6. горн. проход, пропускное отверстие; скат, ходок для людей

7. метал. калибр или ручей валка

8. горн. топографическая съёмка

9. ав.

1) неточно рассчитанный заход на посадку

2) прохождение, пролёт ( самолёта)

close pass - пролёт на небольшом расстоянии, близкий пролёт

satellite pass - прохождение спутника через заданную точку

II

1. переход ( из одного состояния в другое)

pass of heat - теплопередача, переход тепла

2. смерть

sudden pass - внезапная смерть

3. карт. пас

♢

a pass in review - воен. прохождение торжественным маршем

to gain /to hold, to keep/ the pass - защищать своё дело

to sell the pass - книжн. предать своих сторонников, своё дело и т. п.

2. [pɑ:s] v

I

1. идти; проходить; проезжать

to pass on the line - идти по прямой ( лёгкая атлетика)

to see smb. pass - видеть, как кто-то проходит

to pass into [out of] the room - пройти в комнату [выйти из комнаты]

please let me pass - пожалуйста, дайте мне пройти

we passed through the town without stopping - мы проехали через город не останавливаясь

the river passes southward - река течёт на юг

the road passes close to the village - дорога проходит недалеко от деревни

we passed along the river - мы шли вдоль реки

2. 1) проходить мимо, миновать

to pass smb. in the street - встретить кого-л. на улице

to pass a building - пройти мимо здания

to pass a station - проехать мимо станции ( не останавливаясь)

did you pass him on the road? - вы не встретили его по дороге?

he had passed sixteen - ему минуло шестнадцать лет

he has passed the fifty mark - разг. ему перевалило за пятьдесят

2) обгонять (о машине, водителе)

3) пройти (мимо), пропустить, прозевать

to pass the turning - проехать поворот (дороги)

to pass the stop - пропустить /прозевать/ остановку

3. 1) не обратить внимания, пренебречь (тж. pass by)

to pass by in silence - обходить молчанием

we may pass these details - мы можем опустить эти детали

but let that pass - не будем об этом говорить

his rude remark passed without rebuke - его грубое замечание не встретило отпора

I can't pass the matter by without making a protest - я не могу не выразить протеста по этому поводу

2) пройти незамеченным, сойти (тж. pass unheeded, unnoticed или unobserved)

his remark passed unheeded - никто не обратил внимания на его замечание

the statement was allowed to pass unchallenged - никто не выступал против его заявления; никто ему не возражал

4. 1) проходить (через что-л.), переезжать; пересекать, переправляться

to pass an ocean [a desert, a frontier, a range of hills] - пересекать океан [пустыню, границу, горный хребет]

to pass the gates - пройти (через) ворота

the steamer passed Gibraltar - пароход прошёл Гибралтар

2) перевозить, проводить (через что-л.)

the barks passed horses and munitions - на барках перевозили лошадей и снаряжение

a canal sufficient to pass boats of 25 tons - канал, через который могут пройти суда водоизмещением в 25 тонн

3) просовывать

to pass one's hand between iron bars - просунуть руку между железными прутьями

to pass the thread through the eye of the needle - вдеть нитку в иголку

5. 1) передавать (тж. pass over)

pass me the butter, please - пожалуйста, передайте мне масло

read the book and pass it to my brother - прочтите книгу и передайте её моему брату

they passed buckets of water from hand to hand - они передавали вёдра с водой из рук в руки

the letter was passed round the table - письмо обошло весь стол

the news passed round the hall - новость мгновенно облетела всех в зале

pass the word to reduce the weight of the load - скажите, чтобы уменьшили вес груза

2) спорт. передавать, пасовать

3) карт. пасовать, объявлять пас

6. 1) (to, into) переходить

to pass to the next item on the agenda - переходить к следующему пункту повестки дня

to pass to smb. - переходить к кому-л.

the business passed into other hands - предприятие перешло в другие руки

the manuscript passed into the hands of a specialist - рукопись попала в руки специалиста

it has passed into a proverb - это вошло в пословицу

to pass to the reserve - воен. переходить в запас

to pass from joy to tears - то радоваться /веселиться/, то плакать

in descending the mountain we passed from snow to rain - спускаясь с горы, мы попали из снега в дождь

hey pass! - иди! (восклицание фокусника, когда вещь якобы должна перейти в другое место)

2) превращаться, переходить из одного состояния в другое

to pass into solution - переходить в раствор

a substance passes from a solid to a liquid state - вещество переходит из твёрдого состояния в жидкое

when water boils it passes into steam - когда вода кипит, она превращается в пар

3) переходить или передаваться по наследству (тж. pass over)

the estate passed to his heirs - имение перешло к его наследникам

his title passed to his eldest son - его титул был унаследован старшим сыном

7. идти, проходить, протекать ( о времени)

a fortnight passed - прошло две недели

the years pass rapidly - годы быстро летят

how quick time passes - как быстро летит время

generations will pass - сменится много поколений

we have passed the early stage of our work - первый этап нашей работы уже завершён

8. (про)мелькнуть, появиться

a cloud passed across the sun - тучка на мгновение закрыла солнце

a blush passed across her face - она покраснела

a change passed over his face /countenance/ - он переменился в лице

a smile passed over her lips - на её губах промелькнула улыбка

9. пройти; исчезнуть; прекратиться (тж. pass off)

the pain soon passed - боль скоро прошла

his anger soon passed - его гнев быстро прошёл

the old customs are passing - старые обычаи уходят в прошлое

all things must pass - всё преходяще; всё проходит

10. подходить, годиться

this part of your article will pass - эта часть вашей статьи пройдёт /годится/

the trick will not pass - фокус не пройдёт

11. происходить, случаться, иметь место

did you see [hear] what was passing? - вы видели [слышали], что случилось?

12. выхолить за пределы; быть выше

to pass the £1,000 mark - превысить 1000 фунтов

it passes my understanding - это выше моего понимания

it passes belief /comprehension/ - этому нельзя поверить; это невероятно

he did not pass the limit of his faculties - он не вышел за рамки своих возможностей

the grief that passes show - горе, которое нельзя выразить словами

13. ответить на (какое-л.) действие тем же действием, обменяться (приветствиями, взглядами и т. п.)

to pass greetings - обменяться приветствиями

to pass offices - обменяться услугами /любезностями/

the articles passing between the two countries - товары, которыми обмениваются эти две страны

some blows passed between them - они подрались

words passed between them - они поссорились /поругались/

no words passed between them - они не обменялись ни словом

the correspondence that has passed between us - переписка, в которой мы состояли

tell me everything that passed between you - расскажите мне подробно, что произошло между вами

II А

1. проводить (время, день и т. п.; тж. pass away)

to pass the time - проводить время

what can we do to pass the time? - как (бы) нам провести время?

to pass a pleasant evening - приятно провести вечер

to pass an anxious day - провести день в тревоге

to pass the spring in the south - провести весну на юге

2. проводить (щёткой, рукой и т. п.)

to pass a hand over one's eye [across one's forehead, through one's hair] - провести рукой по глазам [по лбу, по волосам]

she passed a comb through her hair - она провела гребнем по волосам

to pass a sweeper over the floor - провести щёткой по полу

to pass a wet sponge over smth. - а) провести мокрой губкой по чему-л.; б) стереть память о чём-л.; забыть что-л.

he passed a wet sponge over his early life - он постарался забыть /перечеркнуть/ свою прошлую жизнь

3. удовлетворять (требованиям, нормам и т. п.)

to pass the standards - удовлетворять нормам

4. 1) пройти ( испытание)

to pass the tests - пройти испытание

2) выдержать, сдать ( экзамен)

to pass exams with distinction /honours/ - сдать экзамены с отличием

he passed the entrance examination - он сдал вступительный экзамен

he passed in geography - он сдал экзамен по географии

to pass master - получить звание магистра, главы колледжа и т. п.

3) ставить ( зачёт); пропустить ( экзаменующегося)

don't be afraid, we shall pass you - не бойтесь, мы вам поставим зачёт

5. 1) пройти (цензуру, досмотр и т. п.)

to pass the censor - проходить через цензуру

to pass the customs - пройти таможенный досмотр

2) пропустить (через цензуру и т. п.)

the officer passed my bag - таможенный чиновник пропустил мой чемодан

he had passed for the press all the sheets of the book - он подписал к печати все листы книги

6. 1) утверждать (план, расход и т. п.)

to pass an invoice - утвердить счёт

to pass an item of expenditure - провести статью расхода

the scheme was passed by the council - план получил одобрение совета

the boiler was passed by the surveyor - котёл был принят инспектором

2) принимать (решение, резолюцию, закон и т. п.)

to pass a bill [a resolution] - принимать закон [резолюцию]

the majority will pass the bill - законопроект пройдёт большинством голосов

the village was passed to be a township by the Council - совет принял решение считать эту деревню городом

3) быть принятым, получить одобрение (о законе и т. п.)

the bill passed the House of Commons - палата общин утвердила законопроект

the bill passed the committee - законопроект прошёл через комиссию

7. 1) выносить (приговор, решение)

to pass sentence upon smb. - вынести приговор кому-л.

the court passed sentence on him today - суд сегодня вынес приговор по его делу

2) быть вынесенным

the judgement passed for the plaintiff - решение было в пользу истца

8. высказывать ( суждение); делать ( замечание)

to pass an opinion on /upon/ smth. - высказать мнение по поводу чего-л.

I can't pass an opinion on your work without examining it thoroughly - я не могу высказать своего мнения о вашей работе, не прочитав её внимательно

to pass a remark - сделать замечание

to pass censure /criticism, a remark, a comment/ upon smb., smth. - критиковать кого-л., что-л., сделать замечание кому-л., по поводу чего-л.

9. 1) пускать в обращение (деньги, обыкн. фальшивые)

he was arrested for passing forged notes - его арестовали за то, что он распространял фальшивые деньги

2) быть в обращении, иметь хождение ( о деньгах)

a Bank of England note used to pass anywhere - раньше банкнота Английского банка имела хождение везде

this coin will not pass - эту монету не примут

10. (from)

1) отходить, уклоняться (от принципов, курса и т. п.)

to pass from a course [principle] - отклониться от своего пути /от курса/ [от своих принципов]

2) умереть, отойти

there has passed from among us a man who held a high position in English literature - от нас ушёл человек, произведения которого занимают значительное место в английской литературе

11. (through) испытывать (лишения, трудности)

they were passing through troubled times - они переживали тревожное время

12. (for) сойти (за кого-л.); слыть (кем-л.)

he passed for my brother - его приняли за моего брата

he was forty but he might have passed for younger - ему было сорок, но можно было дать меньше

in this small town he passed for a man of considerable means - в этом маленьком городке он слыл зажиточным человеком

13. пропускать, протягивать ( верёвку); обвязывать ( верёвкой)

to pass a rope /a cord/ round a pack - обвязать тюк верёвкой

to pass a rope round a cask - обмотать бочонок канатом

they passed a rope round the calf's hind legs - они связали верёвкой задние ноги телёнка

14. амер. открывать ( ключом)

all these doors should be passed with one key - все эти двери должны открываться одним ключом

15. пронзить, проткнуть (кинжалом, шпагой)

he passed his sword through his enemy's body - он пронзил своим мечом тело врага

a bullet passed through his shoulder - пуля прошла через плечо

16. делать выпад, нападать ( фехтование)

17. спорт. брать ( препятствие)

to pass a hurdle - взять /пройти/ барьер

18. делать пассы ( в фокусах)

19. юр. изготовить, оформить ( документ)

20. плутовать ( в картах)

21. мед.

1) иметь ( стул)

2) испускать ( мочу)

to pass urine /water/ - мочиться

22. не объявить выплату ( регулярного дивиденда)

to pass a dividend - амер. не назначить дивиденда

concerns which not only passed dividends but went bankrupt - концерны, которые не только не выплатили дивиденды, но и обанкротились

23. выдавать себя за белого (о мулате, квартероне и т. п.); скрывать своё негритянское происхождение

♢

to pass by the name of... - быть известным под именем..., называться...

he passed by the name of Smith - он был известен под именем Смит

to pass one's promise - дать обещание

to pass one's word /pledge/ - давать слово /клятву, обещание/

he passed his word of honour - он дал честное слово

to pass one's word for smb., smth. - поручиться за кого-л., что-л.

to pass a bold jest - отпустить смелую шутку

to pass the lips - произносить

don't let it pass your lips - об этом ни слова

no complaints passed his lips - он никогда не жаловался

no food has passed my lips since the morning - у меня во рту маковой росинки с утра не было

to pass current - а) иметь денежную стоимость; б) быть обычным, общепринятым; в) распространяться как слух

to pass troops in review - проводить смотр войск

to pass on the torch - передавать знания /традиции/

to pass the time of day - уст. поздороваться

to pass (a) good morning /the compliments of the day/ - уст. пожелать доброго утра, поздороваться

to pass in the checks - сл. умереть

to pass the buck - амер. сл. свалить ответственность (на кого-л.)
II [pɑ:s] n
I

1. сдача экзамена без отличия

2. 1) посредственная оценка; проходной балл, зачёт

she got a bare pass - она получила только переходной балл

2) оценка «посредственно» ( 3 балла в фигурном катании)

II тк. sing

(трудное, критическое) положение или состояние

to be at a critical pass - быть в критическом положении

to bring to pass - совершать; осуществлять

to bring things to a desperate pass - довести до крайности /до бедственного положения/

to bring wonders to pass - делать чудеса

to come to pass - происходить, случаться

that things should have come to this pass! - как можно было довести это до такого состояния!

things have come to a strange [serious] pass - дела приняли странный [серьёзный] оборот

III

1. пасс, движение рук (гипнотизёра, фокусника)

2. фокус

to perform a pass - сделать /показать/ фокус

he performed most difficult passes - он выполнял самые сложные фокусы

3. уст. остроумная выходка, выпад

4. спорт. передача; пас

bounce pass - передача с отскоком мяча ( баскетбол)

head pass - передача головой

back pass - передача назад

low pass - передача низом

wing pass - передача на край

criss-cross passes - перекрёстные передачи

cross pass - поперечная передача

drop pass - короткая передача назад

flip pass - «подброшенная» передача

pass out - передача на край

a clever pass to the forward - удачный пас нападающему

to intercept a pass - перехватить передачу

to make a pass - а) передавать (мяч), делать передачу; б) нанести удар рапирой

5. выпад ( фехтование)

♢

to make the pass - плутовать при снятии колоды

to make a pass at smb. - а) делать выпад против кого-л.; б) пытаться ухаживать ( за женщиной)
II [pɑ:s] n
1. 1) пропуск, паспорт

library pass - читательский билет

security pass - пропуск, выданный службой безопасности

he got his pass and health certificate - он получил свой паспорт и справку о состоянии здоровья

2) пароль

to sell the pass - а) продать пароль ( неприятелю); б) выдать тайну, стать предателем

2. воен.

1) разрешение не присутствовать на поверке; отпускной билет; увольнительная

2) амер. краткосрочный отпуск

a soldier on a pass - солдат, имеющий краткосрочный отпуск

3. бесплатный билет; контрамарка

a (free) pass - бесплатный железнодорожный билет

a free pass to a show - контрамарка на концерт

admission pass - входной билет

a bus pass - проездной билет на автобус

a season pass - сезонный билет

to grant smb. a free pass on the railway - выдать кому-л. бесплатный железнодорожный билет

to hold a pass - иметь бесплатный проездной билет
IV [pæs] сокр. от passenger

НБАРС > pass
6 business

1. n дело, постоянное занятие, специальность

your name? business? place of address? — ваша фамилия? занятие ? адрес?

on business — по делу

run business — вести дело

course of business — ход дела

carry on business — вести дело

took business — рассмотрел дела

2. n дело, работа

business address — служебный адрес

business hours — рабочие часы, часы работы

business letter — деловое письмо

business correspondence — коммерческая корреспонденция

business call — деловой визит

business meeting — рабочее совещание

a man of business — деловой человек

to go to business — ходить на работу

to get down to business — взяться за дело, взяться за работу

you call it pleasure, I call it business — вы называете это развлечением, я же считаю это работой

are you here on business? — вы здесь по делу?

what is your business here? — зачем вы сюда пришли?; что вам здесь надо?

it was a very paying business — это было очень выгодное дело

assume charge of a business — принимать на себя ведение дел

to dally with the business — несерьёзно относиться к делу

he is exact in business — в делах на него можно положиться

dispatch of business — разрешение дел; отправление функций

3. n повестка дня

other business — разное, прочие вопросы

business day — рабочий день

business days — рабочий день

order of business — повестка дня

business of the day — повестка дня

calendar of business — повестка дня

4. n дело, обязанность, долг, назначение; круг обязанностей

what business is that of yours? — какое ваше дело?, что вы вмешиваетесь?

business quarters — круги

business groups — деловые круги

trust business — трастовое дело

ward business — приходские дела

build up business — создать дело

5. n торговля, коммерческая деятельность, бизнес

retail business — розничная торговля

business failure — банкротство, крах

business depression — застой в торговле; экономическая депрессия; экономический кризис

business circles — торговые круги

library business — коммерческая библиотека

government and business — правительство и деловые круги

a line of business — торговая специальность или специализация

the general stagnation of business — общий застой торговли

the business part of the town — торговый центр города

not strict business — не по правилам торговли

to be in the wool business — торговать шерстью

to go into business — заняться торговлей, стать торговцем

to engage in business — заняться торговлей

to do business — заниматься коммерцией, быть коммерсантом

to carry on business in coffee — вести торговлю кофе

Business Week — Бизнес уик

did business — вел торговлю

business week — "Бизнес уик"

done business — вел торговлю

does business — ведет торговлю

6. n торговое дело, коммерческое предприятие, фирма

banking business — банковское дело, банк

a partner in the business — компаньон в торговом деле

to have an interest in a business — иметь долю в предприятии

business problem — коммерческая задача; экономическая задача

loaded business venture — рискованная коммерческая операция

despatch of business — разрешение дел; отправление функций

to file a business — зарегистрировать деловое предприятие

7. n торговая, коммерческая сделка

a good stroke of business — удачная сделка

to business — торговая фирма

business book — торговая книга

business firm — торговая фирма

direct business — прямая сделка

business center — торговый центр

8. n разг. дело, вопрос, случай

a funny business — странное дело

an ugly business — безобразная история

business matter — деловой вопрос

little business — небольшое дело

private business — частное дело

the course of business — ход дела

urgent business — неотложное дело

9. n театр. игра, мимика

this part has a good deal of comic business as played by him — он вносит комический элемент в исполнение этой роли

business game — деловая игра

10. n театр. актёрские атрибуты, приспособления

11. n театр. уст. отношения, связи

business connections — деловые связи

business relations — деловые отношения

trade and business relations — отношения

business telecommunication — служебная связь

business communications — производственная связь

12. n театр. уст. занятость; усердие

13. n театр. амер. клиентура, покупатели; публика

to play to enormous business — выступать перед огромной аудиторией

14. n театр. эвф. «серьёзное дело»

«занятие», проституция

big business — крупный капитал

good business! — здорово!

no monkey business! — без фокусов!, без глупостей!

business as usual — замалчивание трудностей или проблем;

fishy business — сомнительное дело

crook business — тёмное дело, афера

slippery business — щекотливое дело

taking business — рассматривание дел

finance business — финансировать дело

Синонимический ряд:

1. commercial (adj.) commercial; industrial; mercantile

2. affair (noun) affair; affairs; concern; concerns; interest; lookout; matter; matters; occasions; palaver; palavers; shooting match; thing; things

3. barter (noun) bargaining; barter; negotiation; traffic

4. commerce (noun) commerce; custom; exchange; industry; job; livelihood; patronage; production; racket; sector; trade; transaction

5. company (noun) company; corporation; enterprise; establishment; firm; house; operation; outfit; partnership; station; syndicate

6. doodad (noun) dingus; dofunny; doodad; doohickey; gadget; gizmo; jigger; rigamajig; thingum; thingumajig; thingumbob; thingummy

7. function (noun) duty; function; office; position; province; role

8. occupation (noun) calling; craft; employment; line; occupation; profession; pursuit; specialty; venture; vocation; work

Антонимический ряд:

hobby; inactivity; leisure; unemployment

English-Russian base dictionary > business
7 cada vez mayor

(adj.) = escalating, ever-growing, ever-increasing, expanded, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, spiralling [spiraling, -USA], deepening, rapidly growing, expanding, constantly rising, swelling, ever larger [ever-larger], galloping, steadily rising, steadily growing, mushrooming, ever greater, rapidly expanding, ever-widening, burgeoning, heightening

Ex. Findings emphasised the escalating deprivation of applied social scientists in general and the local government and voluntary sectors in particular.

Ex. To gauge the full impact on the BNB one must add to these Arabic publications half a dozen books in Kurdish, not forgetting the ever-growing list of translations of oriental works.

Ex. Up to and including the fourteenth edition progress led to ever-increasing detail.

Ex. Co-operatives have played a much more extensive role in recent years and are set to continue in their expanded role.

Ex. Yet another variable factor is the growing presence of full text data bases.

Ex. The final order on the shelves is the reverse of this, so that an order of increasing speciality is achieved.

Ex. If the approach is not too blinkered, such situations, on the basis of mounting evidence, quickly lead to the realisation that technological solutions to information problems are at best partial.

Ex. But the good times ran out and the world recession of the 1970s brought rising inflation, unemployment and increasing pressure for better social services.

Ex. The ARL Serials Project is an initiative by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) designed to combat the spiralling increases in periodicals prices.

Ex. The period from World War 2 to the present day saw the quickened pace and deepening specialisation of researches.

Ex. The scheme was designed by the Library of Congress staff to be tailor-made for their own library with its immense and rapidly growing stock and with its bias towards law and the social sciences.

Ex. There is an expanding interest in the idea of local government information services on the part of public libraries.

Ex. Recently there has been more than the usual talk about the exceptionally-high and constantly-rising costs of scholarly journals and what scholar, editors, and libraries can do about the situation.

Ex. By far the most difficult new challenge looming for librarianship will be preserving and providing access to 'born-digital' materials, that swelling mass of material that appears only in electronic form.

Ex. Technology plays an ever larger role in the delivery of services in libraries of all sizes.

Ex. But the introduction of market economics, galloping inflation and the breakdown of old administrative structures are causing problems, especially over funding..

Ex. Poland is currently enjoying a steadily rising national income, declining inflation, receding unemployment and an educational boom.

Ex. The strategy is to maintain a steadily growing base line which can expand in better times.

Ex. The position of the library as source provider has been eroded in an age of information explosions and mushrooming technology.

Ex. The results has been an ever greater obfuscation of what constitutes the profession of librarianship.

Ex. A rapidly expanding number of organizations have begun to use high performance, completely digital networks, such as the Internet.

Ex. The inter-library loan network operates like a spiral with the individual library at the centre and the local, regional, national and international back-up services forming an ever-widening circle around it.

Ex. It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.

Ex. The rising tension over the Olympic torch relay is heightening concerns whether this summer's Games will be clouded by political rancor.

* * *

(adj.) = escalating, ever-growing, ever-increasing, expanded, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, spiralling [spiraling, -USA], deepening, rapidly growing, expanding, constantly rising, swelling, ever larger [ever-larger], galloping, steadily rising, steadily growing, mushrooming, ever greater, rapidly expanding, ever-widening, burgeoning, heightening

Ex: Findings emphasised the escalating deprivation of applied social scientists in general and the local government and voluntary sectors in particular.

Ex: To gauge the full impact on the BNB one must add to these Arabic publications half a dozen books in Kurdish, not forgetting the ever-growing list of translations of oriental works.

Ex: Up to and including the fourteenth edition progress led to ever-increasing detail.

Ex: Co-operatives have played a much more extensive role in recent years and are set to continue in their expanded role.

Ex: Yet another variable factor is the growing presence of full text data bases.

Ex: The final order on the shelves is the reverse of this, so that an order of increasing speciality is achieved.

Ex: If the approach is not too blinkered, such situations, on the basis of mounting evidence, quickly lead to the realisation that technological solutions to information problems are at best partial.

Ex: But the good times ran out and the world recession of the 1970s brought rising inflation, unemployment and increasing pressure for better social services.

Ex: The ARL Serials Project is an initiative by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) designed to combat the spiralling increases in periodicals prices.

Ex: The period from World War 2 to the present day saw the quickened pace and deepening specialisation of researches.

Ex: The scheme was designed by the Library of Congress staff to be tailor-made for their own library with its immense and rapidly growing stock and with its bias towards law and the social sciences.

Ex: There is an expanding interest in the idea of local government information services on the part of public libraries.

Ex: Recently there has been more than the usual talk about the exceptionally-high and constantly-rising costs of scholarly journals and what scholar, editors, and libraries can do about the situation.

Ex: By far the most difficult new challenge looming for librarianship will be preserving and providing access to 'born-digital' materials, that swelling mass of material that appears only in electronic form.

Ex: Technology plays an ever larger role in the delivery of services in libraries of all sizes.

Ex: But the introduction of market economics, galloping inflation and the breakdown of old administrative structures are causing problems, especially over funding..

Ex: Poland is currently enjoying a steadily rising national income, declining inflation, receding unemployment and an educational boom.

Ex: The strategy is to maintain a steadily growing base line which can expand in better times.

Ex: The position of the library as source provider has been eroded in an age of information explosions and mushrooming technology.

Ex: The results has been an ever greater obfuscation of what constitutes the profession of librarianship.

Ex: A rapidly expanding number of organizations have begun to use high performance, completely digital networks, such as the Internet.

Ex: The inter-library loan network operates like a spiral with the individual library at the centre and the local, regional, national and international back-up services forming an ever-widening circle around it.

Ex: It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.

Ex: The rising tension over the Olympic torch relay is heightening concerns whether this summer's Games will be clouded by political rancor.

Spanish-English dictionary > cada vez mayor
8 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
9 for

1. preposition
1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

3) (to the benefit of) für

do something for somebody — für jemanden etwas tun

4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

be saving up for something — auf etwas (Akk.) sparen

5) (being the motive of) für; (having as purpose) zu

reason for living — Grund zu leben

a dish for holding nuts — eine Schale für Nüsse

6) (to obtain, win, save)

a request for help — eine Bitte um Hilfe

study for a university degree — auf einen Hochschulabschluss hin studieren

phone for a doctor — nach einem Arzt telefonieren

take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

work for a living — für den Lebensunterhalt arbeiten

run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

7) (to reach) nach

set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

8) (to be received by) für

that's Jim for you — das sieht Jim mal wieder ähnlich

9) (as regards)

checked for accuracy — auf Richtigkeit geprüft

be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

open for business — eröffnet

have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

enough... for — genug... für

that's quite enough for me — das reicht mir völlig

too... for — zu... für

there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

10) (to the amount of)

cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

11) (to affect, as if affecting) für

things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

12) (as being) für

what do you take me for? — wofür hältst du mich?

I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

13) (on account of, as penalty of) wegen

famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

14) (on the occasion of)

for the first time — zum ersten Mal

why can't you help for once? — warum kannst du nicht einmal helfen?

what shall I give him for his birthday? — was soll ich ihm zum Geburtstag schenken?

15) (in spite of)

for all... — trotz...

for all that,... — trotzdem...

16) (on account of the hindrance of) vor (+ Dat.)

for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

17) (so far as concerns)

for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

18) (considering the usual nature of) für

not bad for a first attempt — nicht schlecht für den ersten Versuch

19) (during) seit

we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

how long are you here for? — wie lange bleiben Sie hier?

sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

20) (to the extent of)

walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

21)

be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)
2. conjunction
(since, as proof) denn

* * *
[fo:] 1. preposition
1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) für

2) (towards; in the direction of: We set off for London.) nach

3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) für

4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) nach

5) (in return; as payment: He paid $2 for his ticket.) für

6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) für

7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) für

8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?)

9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) dafür

10) (because of: for this reason.) wegen, aus

11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) für

12) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) für

13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) für

14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) für

15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) trotz
2. conjunction
(because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) denn

* * *

for

[fɔ:ʳ, fəʳ, AM fɔ:r, fɚ]

I. conj ( liter or dated) denn

II. prep

1. (intended to be given to) für + akk

I bought a new collar \for my dog ich habe ein neues Halsband für meinen Hund gekauft

this is a birthday present \for you hier ist ein Geburtstagsgeschenk für dich

there are government subsidies available \for farmers für Bauern gibt es Zuschüsse vom Staat

2. (in support of) für + akk

to vote \for sb/sth für jdn/etw stimmen

they voted \for independence in a referendum sie haben sich in einem Referendum für die Unabhängigkeit ausgesprochen

▪ to be \for sb/sth für jdn/etw sein

his followers are still \for him seine Anhänger unterstützen ihn noch immer

to be \for a good cause für einen guten Zweck sein

to be all \for sth ganz für etw akk sein

to be \for doing sth dafür sein, dass etw getan wird

are you \for banning smoking in public places? sind Sie dafür, das Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit zu verbieten?

3. (regarding sb) für + akk

I'm happy \for you that it finally worked out ich freue mich für dich, dass es endlich geklappt hat

you're not making it easy \for me to tell you the truth du machst es mir nicht gerade einfach, dir die Wahrheit zu sagen

the coffee was too strong \for me der Kaffee war mir zu stark

luckily \for me, I already had another job zu meinem Glück hatte ich bereits eine andere Stelle

the admiration she felt \for him soon died ihre Bewunderung für ihn war schnell verflogen

is this seat high enough \for you? ist Ihnen dieser Sitz hoch genug?

I feel sorry \for her sie tut mir leid

to feel nothing but contempt \for sb/sth nichts als Verachtung für jdn/etw empfinden

▪ to be concerned \for sb/sth um jdn/etw besorgt sein

to feel \for sb mit jdm fühlen

as \for me was mich betrifft [o angeht]

Jackie's already left and, as \for me, I'm going at the end of the month Jackie ist schon weg, und was mich angeht, ich gehe Ende des Monats

4. (regarding sth) für + akk

how are you doing \for money? wie sieht es bei dir mit dem Geld aus?

\for my part was mich betrifft

\for all I know möglicherweise

\for all I know, he could have left the country möglicherweise hat er schon das Land verlassen

to be responsible \for sth für etw akk verantwortlich sein

to prepare \for sth sich akk auf etw akk vorbereiten

5. (comparing) für + akk

the summer has been quite hot \for England für England war das ein ziemlich heißer Sommer

▪ to be too big/fast \for sb/sth zu groß/schnell für jdn/etw sein

she's very mature \for her age sie ist für ihr Alter schon sehr reif

the weather is warm \for the time of year für diese Jahreszeit ist das Wetter mild

he's quite thoughtful \for a child of 8 für einen Achtjährigen ist er ziemlich rücksichtsvoll

6. (to get, have)

oh \for something to drink! hätte ich doch bloß etwas zu trinken!

oh \for a strong black coffee! und jetzt einen starken schwarzen Kaffee!

he did it \for the fame er tat es, um berühmt zu werden

even though he's in this \for the money, we still need him auch wenn er es nur wegen des Geldes tut, wir brauchen ihn

she's eager \for a chance to show that she's a capable worker sie möchte gerne beweisen, dass sie eine fähige Mitarbeiterin ist

demand \for money Bedarf m an Geld

to send \for the doctor den Arzt holen

to apply \for a job sich akk um eine Stelle bewerben

to have a need \for sth etw brauchen

to look \for a way to do sth nach einer Möglichkeit suchen, etw zu tun

to ask \for sth um etw akk bitten

7. (on behalf of, representing) für + akk

he's an agent \for models and actors er ist Agent für Models und Schauspieler

next time you see them, say hi \for me grüß sie von mir, wenn du sie wieder siehst

the messenger was there \for his boss der Bote war in Vertretung seines Chefs dort

to do sth \for sb etw für jdn tun

to do sth \for oneself etw selbst tun

8. (as ordered by) für + akk

▪ to do sth \for sb/sth etw für jdn/etw tun

they had to do extra work \for their boss sie mussten noch zusätzliche Arbeiten für ihren Chef erledigen

I have some things to do \for school ich muss noch etwas für die Schule machen

9. (employed by) bei + dat

she is a tutor \for the Open University sie ist Tutorin an der Fernuniversität

to work \for sb/sth bei jdm/etw [o für jdn/etw] arbeiten

10. (purpose, aim) für + akk

what's that \for? wofür ist das?

that's useful \for removing rust damit kann man gut Rost entfernen

that's not \for eating das ist nicht zum Essen

a course \for beginners in Russian ein Russischkurs für Anfänger

\for your information zu Ihrer Information

\for the record der Ordnung halber

the spokesman told the press \for the record that the president was in good health der Sprecher sagte der Presse für das Protokoll, der Präsident sei bei guter Gesundheit

for rent/sale zu vermieten/verkaufen

bikes \for rent Räder zu vermieten

to be not \for sale unverkäuflich sein

to wait \for sb/sth auf jdn/etw warten

to wait \for sb to do sth darauf warten, dass jd etw tut

▪ to do sth \for sth/sb etw für etw/jdn tun

what did you do that \for? wozu hast du das getan?

what do you use these enormous scissors \for? wozu brauchst du diese riesige Schere?

he is taking medication \for his heart condition er nimmt Medikamente für sein Herz

you need to move closer \for me to hear you du musst ein bisschen näher herkommen, damit ich dich hören kann

11. (because of) wegen + gen; (out of) aus + dat; (with) vor + dat

I don't eat meat \for various reasons ich esse aus verschiedenen Gründen kein Fleisch

I could dance and sing \for joy! ich könnte vor Freude tanzen und singen!

he apologized \for being late er entschuldigte sich wegen seiner Verspätung

Bob was looking all the better \for his three weeks in Spain nach seinen drei Wochen Spanien sah Bob viel besser aus

how are you? — fine, and all the better \for seeing you! wie geht's? — gut, und jetzt wo ich dich sehe, gleich noch viel besser!

I could not see \for the tears in my eyes ich konnte vor Tränen in den Augen gar nicht sehen

if it hadn't been \for him, we wouldn't be here right now ( form) ohne ihn wären wir jetzt nicht hier

\for fear of sth aus Angst vor etw dat

\for lack of sth aus Mangel an etw dat

to be arrested \for murder wegen Mordes verhaftet werden

\for that [or this] reason aus diesem Grund

to be famous \for sth für etw akk berühmt sein

to love sb \for sth jdn für etw akk lieben

she loves him just \for being himself sie liebt ihn einfach dafür, dass er so ist, wie er ist

12. (as destination) nach + dat

this train is \for Birmingham dieser Zug fährt nach Birmingham

he made \for home in a hurry er eilte schnell nach Hause

just follow signs \for the town centre folgen Sie einfach den Schildern in die Innenstadt

to go \for sb [with one's fists] [mit den Fäusten] auf jdn losgehen

to run \for sb/sth zu jdm/etw laufen

I had to run \for the bus ich musste laufen, um den Bus noch zu kriegen

13. (meaning)

to be \for sth für etw akk stehen

A is \for ‘airlines’ A steht für ‚Airlines‘

to stand \for sth etw bedeuten, für etw akk stehen

what does the M.J. stand \for? María José? was bedeutet M.J.? María José?

what's the Spanish word \for ‘vegetarian’? was heißt ‚Vegetarier‘ auf Spanisch?

14. (in return, exchange) für + akk

she paid a high price \for loyalty to her boss sie hat einen hohen Preis für die Loyalität zu ihrem Chef gezahlt

that's \for cheating on me! das ist dafür, dass du mich betrogen hast!

how much did you pay \for your glasses? wie viel hast du für deine Brille gezahlt?

a cheque \for £100 eine Scheck über 100 Pfund

not \for a million dollars [or \for all the world] um nichts in der Welt

I wouldn't go out with him \for a million dollars ich würde für kein Geld der Welt mit ihm ausgehen

to do sth \for nothing etw umsonst machen

to buy/sell sth \for 100 euro/a lot of money etw für 100 Euro/viel Geld kaufen/verkaufen

you can buy a bestseller \for about £6 Sie bekommen einen Bestseller schon für 6 Pfund

to trade sth \for sth etw gegen etw akk [ein]tauschen

15. (with a period of time) für + akk; (ongoing) seit + dat

I'm just going to sleep \for half an hour ich lege mich mal eine halbe Stunde schlafen

he was jailed \for twelve years er musste für zwölf Jahre ins Gefängnis

my father has been smoking \for 10 years mein Vater raucht seit 10 Jahren

\for the next two days in den beiden nächsten Tagen

\for a bit/while ein bisschen/eine Weile

play here \for a while! spiel doch mal ein bisschen hier!

I'm just going out \for a while ich gehe mal kurz raus fam

\for eternity/ever bis in alle Ewigkeit

this pact is \for ever dieser Pakt gilt für immer und ewig

\for the moment im Augenblick

\for a time eine Zeit lang

\for a long time seit Langem

I hadn't seen him \for such a long time that I didn't recognize him ich hatte ihn schon so lange nicht mehr gesehen, dass ich ihn nicht erkannte

\for some time seit Längerem

\for the time being für den Augenblick, vorübergehend

16. (a distance of)

\for a kilometre/mile einen Kilometer/eine Meile

he always jogs \for 5 kilometres before breakfast er joggt immer 5 Kilometer vor dem Frühstück

17. (at a certain date, time, occasion) für + akk

he booked a table at the restaurant \for nine o'clock er reservierte in dem Restaurant einen Tisch für neun Uhr

they set their wedding date \for September 15 sie setzten ihre Hochzeit für den 15. September fest

I need some money \for tonight ich brauche etwas Geld für heute Abend

what did you buy him \for Christmas? was hast du ihm zu Weihnachten gekauft?

he arrived at 8.00 \for dinner at 8.30 er kam um acht zu dem für halb neun verabredeten Abendessen

to invite sb \for dinner/lunch jdn zum Abendessen/Mittagessen einladen

\for the first time zum ersten Mal

\for the [very] last time zum [aller]letzten Mal

\for the first/second time running im ersten/zweiten Durchlauf

18. (despite) trotz + gen

, ungeachtet +gen geh

\for all that trotz alledem

\for all his effort, the experiment was a failure das Experiment war trotz all seiner Anstrengungen ein Fehlschlag

19. (per) für + akk

there is one teacher \for every 25 students in our school in unserer Schule kommt auf 25 Schüler ein Lehrer

\for every cigarette you smoke, you take off one day of your life mit jeder Zigarette, die du rauchst, verkürzt sich dein Leben um einen Tag

to repeat sth word \for word etw Wort für Wort wiederholen

20. (the duty of)

▪ to [not] be \for sb to do sth [nicht] jds Sache sein, etw zu tun

it's not \for me to tell her what to do es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, ihr vorzuschreiben, was sie zu tun hat

the decision is not \for him to make die Entscheidung liegt nicht bei ihm

21. (as) für + akk

she thought it \for a lie but didn't say anything sie hielt es für gelogen, sagte aber nichts

I \for one am sick of this bickering ich für meinen Teil habe genug von diesem Gezänk

22.

▶ \for Africa SA ( fam) Unmengen + gen

I've got homework \for Africa ich habe noch jede Menge Hausaufgaben fam

▶ to be [in] \for it ( fam) Schwierigkeiten bekommen

you're in \for it! jetzt bist du dran! fam

▶ \for crying out loud um Himmels willen

▶ an eye \for an eye Auge um Auge

▶ that's Jane/Mark/etc. \for you so ist Jane/Mark/etc. eben!, das sieht Jane/Mark/etc. mal wieder ähnlich!, das ist wieder mal typisch für Jane/Mark/etc.!

that's children \for you! so sind Kinder eben!

▶ that's/there's sth \for you ( pej)

there's gratitude \for you! und so was nennt sich Dankbarkeit! fam

there's manners \for you! das sind [mir] ja schöne Manieren! iron fam

* * *
I [fɔː(r)]
1. prep

1) (intention) für; (purpose) zu, für; (destination) nach

a letter for me — ein Brief für mich

clothes for children — Kleidung f für Kinder, Kinderkleidung f

destined for greatness — zu Höherem bestimmt

what for? — wofür?, wozu?

what is this knife for? — wozu dient dieses Messer?

he does it for pleasure — er macht es zum or aus Vergnügen

what did you do that for? —

a room for working in/sewing — ein Zimmer zum Arbeiten/Nähen

a bag for carrying books (in) — eine Tasche, um Bücher zu tragen

fit for nothing —

to get ready for a journey — sich für eine Reise fertig machen

ready for anything —

this will do for a hammer — das kann man als Hammer nehmen

to go to Spain for one's holidays — nach Spanien in Urlaub fahren

the train for Stuttgart — der Zug nach Stuttgart

to leave for the USA — in die USA or nach Amerika abreisen

he swam for the shore — er schwamm auf die Küste zu, er schwamm in Richtung Küste

to make for home — sich auf den Heimweg machen

2)

(indicating suitability) it's not for you to ask questions — Sie haben kein Recht, Fragen zu stellen

it's not for me to say — es steht mir nicht zu, mich dazu zu äußern

she's the woman or the one for me — sie ist die (richtige) Frau für mich

married life is not for me — das Eheleben ist nichts für mich

3)

(= representing, instead of) I'll speak to her for you if you like —

I need someone to make up my mind for me — ich brauche jemanden, der die Entscheidung für mich trifft

to act for sb — für jdn handeln

D for Daniel — D wie Daniel

agent for Renault — Vertreter(in) m(f) für Renault

she works for a bank (in the bank) — sie arbeitet bei or in einer Bank; (outside the bank) sie arbeitet für eine Bank

4) (= in defence, in favour of) für

are you for or against it? — sind Sie dafür oder dagegen?

I'm all for it — ich bin ganz or sehr dafür

I'm all for helping him —

the case for nuclear power — die Argumente für die Atomkraft

5)

(= with regard to) anxious for sb — um jdn besorgt

I'm very happy for you — ich freue mich sehr für euch

for my part — was mich betrifft

as for him/that — was ihn/das betrifft

warm/cold for the time of year — warm/kalt für die Jahreszeit

he is tall for his age — er ist groß für sein Alter

what do you want for your birthday? — was wünschst du dir zum Geburtstag?

it's all right or all very well for you (to talk) — Sie haben gut reden

for further information see page 77 — weitere Informationen finden Sie auf Seite 77

6) (= because of) aus

for this reason — aus diesem Grund

he did it for fear of being left — er tat es aus Angst, zurückgelassen zu werden

he is famous for his jokes/his big nose — er ist für seine Witze bekannt/wegen seiner großen Nase berühmt

to jump for joy — einen Freudensprung machen

to go to prison for theft — wegen Diebstahls ins Gefängnis wandern

to choose sb for his ability — jdn wegen seiner Fähigkeiten wählen

if it were not for him — wenn er nicht wäre

do it for me — tu es für mich

7) (= in spite of) trotz (+gen or (inf) +dat)

for all his wealth — trotz all seines Reichtums

for all that, you should have warned me — Sie hätten mich trotz allem warnen sollen

8) (= in exchange) für

to pay four euros for a ticket — vier Euro für eine Fahrkarte zahlen

he'll do it for ten pounds —

pound for pound — Pfund für Pfund

9)

(= in contrast) for every job that is created, two are lost — für jede Stelle, die neu geschaffen wird, gehen zwei verloren

10) (in time) seit; (with future tense) für

I have not seen her for two years — ich habe sie seit zwei Jahren nicht gesehen

he's been here for ten days — er ist seit zehn Tagen hier

I had/have known her for years — ich kannte/kenne sie schon seit Jahren

then I did not see her for two years — dann habe ich sie zwei Jahre lang nicht gesehen

he walked for two hours — er ist zwei Stunden lang marschiert

I am going away for a few days — ich werde (für or auf) ein paar Tage wegfahren

I shall be away for a month — ich werde einen Monat (lang) weg sein

he won't be back for a week — er wird erst in einer Woche zurück sein

I'll be back home for Christmas — Weihnachten bin ich wieder zu Hause

can you get it done for Monday/this time next week? — können Sie es bis or für Montag/bis in einer Woche fertig haben?

I've got a job for you for next week — ich habe für nächste Woche Arbeit für dich

for a while/time — (für) eine Weile/einige Zeit

the meeting was scheduled for 9 o'clock — die Besprechung sollte um 9 Uhr stattfinden

11)

(distance) the road is lined with trees for two miles — die Straße ist auf or über zwei Meilen mit Bäumen gesäumt

we walked for two miles — wir sind zwei Meilen weit gelaufen

there are roadworks on the M8 for two miles — auf der M8 gibt es eine zwei Meilen lange Baustelle

for miles — meilenweit

for mile upon mile — Meile um Meile

12)

(with verbs) to pray for peace — für den or um Frieden beten

to hope for news — auf Nachricht hoffen

to look for sth — (nach) etw suchen

See:

→ vbs

13) (after n: indicating liking, aptitude etc) für

a weakness for sweet things — eine Schwäche für Süßigkeiten

his knack for saying the wrong thing — sein Talent, das Falsche zu sagen

14)

(with infin clauses) for this to be possible — damit dies möglich wird

it's easy for him to do it — für ihn ist es leicht, das zu tun, er kann das leicht tun

I brought it for you to see — ich habe es mitgebracht, damit Sie es sich (dat) ansehen können

the best thing would be for you to leave — das Beste wäre, wenn Sie weggingen

there's still time for him to come — er kann immer noch kommen

their one hope is for him to return — ihre einzige Hoffnung ist, dass er zurückkommt

15)

(phrases) to do sth for oneself — etw alleine tun

for example — zum Beispiel

you're (in) for it! (inf) — jetzt bist du dran! (inf)

oh for a cup a tea! — jetzt eine Tasse Tee - das wäre schön!

2. conj
denn
for it was too late — denn es war zu spät

3. adj pred
(= in favour) dafür
17 were for, 13 against — 17 waren dafür, 13 dagegen
II abbr frei Bahn
* * *

for [fɔː(r); unbetont fə(r)]

A präp

1. allg für:

it is good (bad) for him;

it was very awkward for her es war sehr peinlich für sie, es war ihr sehr unangenehm;

he spoilt their holidays (bes US vacation) for them er verdarb ihnen den ganzen Urlaub;

she brought a letter for me to sign sie brachte mir einen Brief zur Unterschrift

2. für, zugunsten von:

a gift for him ein Geschenk für ihn;

this letter is for me dieser Brief ist an mich;

for and against für und wider; → academic.ru/69264/speak_for">speak for 1

3. für, (mit der Absicht) zu, um (… willen):

apply for the post sich um die Stellung bewerben;

die for a cause für eine Sache sterben;

come for dinner zum Essen kommen

4. (Wunsch, Ziel) nach, auf (akk):

a claim for sth ein Anspruch auf eine Sache;

the desire for sth der Wunsch oder das Verlangen nach etwas;

call for sb nach jemandem rufen;

wait for sth auf etwas warten;

oh, for a car! ach, hätte ich doch nur ein Auto!

5. a) (passend oder geeignet) für

b) (bestimmt) für oder zu:

tools for cutting Werkzeuge zum Schneiden, Schneidewerkzeuge;

the right man for the job der richtige Mann für diesen Posten

6. (Mittel) gegen:

a remedy for lumbago;

he took a couple of aspirins for his headache;

treat sb for cancer jemanden gegen oder auf Krebs behandeln;

there is nothing for it but to give in es bleibt nichts (anderes) übrig, als nachzugeben

7. (als Belohnung) für:

a medal for bravery

8. (als Entgelt) für, gegen, um:

I sold it for £10 ich verkaufte es für 10 Pfund

9. (im Tausch) für, gegen:

I exchanged the knife for a pencil

10. (Betrag, Menge) über (akk):

a postal order for £2

11. (Grund) aus, vor (dat), wegen:

for this reason aus diesem Grund;

die for grief aus oder vor Gram sterben;

weep for joy aus oder vor Freude weinen;

I can’t see for the fog ich kann nichts sehen wegen des Nebels oder vor lauter Nebel;

she couldn’t speak for laughing sie konnte vor (lauter) Lachen nicht sprechen

12. (als Strafe etc) für, wegen:

he was punished for theft

13. dank, wegen:

were it not for his energy wenn er nicht so energisch wäre, dank seiner Energie;

if it wasn’t for him wenn er nicht wäre, ohne ihn; he would never have done it, if it hadn’t been for me talking him into it wenn ich ihn nicht dazu überredet hätte

14. für, in Anbetracht (gen), im Hinblick auf (akk), im Verhältnis zu:

he is tall for his age er ist groß für sein Alter;

it is rather cold for July es ist ziemlich kalt für Juli;

for a foreigner he speaks English fairly well für einen Ausländer spricht er recht gut Englisch

15. (Begabung, Neigung) für, (Hang) zu:

an eye for beauty Sinn für das Schöne

16. (zeitlich) für, während, auf (akk), für die Dauer von, seit:

for a week eine Woche (lang);

come for a week komme auf oder für eine Woche;

for hours stundenlang;

for a ( oder some) time past seit längerer Zeit;

for a long time past schon seit Langem;

not for a long time noch lange nicht;

the first picture for two months der erste Film in oder seit zwei Monaten;

for months ahead auf Monate (hinaus)

17. (Strecke) weit, lang:

run for a mile eine Meile (weit) laufen

18. nach, auf (akk), in Richtung auf (akk):

the train for London der Zug nach London;

the passengers for Rome die nach Rom reisenden Passagiere;

start for Paris nach Paris abreisen;

now for it! Br umg jetzt (nichts wie) los oder drauf!, jetzt gilt’s!

19. für, anstelle von (oder gen), (an)statt:

he appeared for his brother

20. für, in Vertretung oder im Auftrag oder im Namen von (oder gen):

act for sb in jemandes Auftrag handeln

21. für, als:

books for presents Bücher als Geschenk;

they were sold for slaves sie wurden als Sklaven verkauft;

take that for an answer nimm das als Antwort

22. trotz (gen oder dat), ungeachtet (gen):

for all that trotz alledem;

for all his wealth trotz seines ganzen Reichtums, bei allem Reichtum;

for all you may say sage, was du willst

23. as for was … betrifft:

as for me was mich betrifft oder an(be)langt;

as for that matter was das betrifft;

for all I know soviel ich weiß;

for all of me meinetwegen, von mir aus

24. nach adj und vor inf:

it is too heavy for me to lift es ist so schwer, dass ich es nicht heben kann;

it is impossible for me to come es ist mir unmöglich zu kommen, ich kann unmöglich kommen;

it seemed useless for me to continue es erschien mir sinnlos, noch weiterzumachen

25. mit s oder pron und inf:

it is time for you to go home es ist Zeit, dass du heimgehst; es ist Zeit für dich heimzugehen;

it is for you to decide die Entscheidung liegt bei Ihnen;

it is not for you to inf

a) es ist nicht deine Sache zu inf,

b) es steht dir nicht zu inf;

he called for the girl to bring him some tea er rief nach dem Mädchen und bat es, ihm Tee zu bringen;

don’t wait for him to turn up yet wartet nicht darauf, dass er noch auftaucht;

there is no need for anyone to know es braucht niemand zu wissen

26. (ethischer Dativ):

that’s a wine for you das ist vielleicht ein Weinchen, das nenne ich einen Wein

27. US nach:

he was named for his father

B konj denn, weil, nämlich

* * *
1. preposition
1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

3) (to the benefit of) für

do something for somebody — für jemanden etwas tun

4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

be saving up for something — auf etwas (Akk.) sparen

5) (being the motive of) für; (having as purpose) zu

reason for living — Grund zu leben

a dish for holding nuts — eine Schale für Nüsse

6) (to obtain, win, save)

a request for help — eine Bitte um Hilfe

study for a university degree — auf einen Hochschulabschluss hin studieren

phone for a doctor — nach einem Arzt telefonieren

take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

work for a living — für den Lebensunterhalt arbeiten

run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

7) (to reach) nach

set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

8) (to be received by) für

that's Jim for you — das sieht Jim mal wieder ähnlich

9) (as regards)

checked for accuracy — auf Richtigkeit geprüft

be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

open for business — eröffnet

have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

enough... for — genug... für

that's quite enough for me — das reicht mir völlig

too... for — zu... für

there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

10) (to the amount of)

cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

11) (to affect, as if affecting) für

things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

12) (as being) für

what do you take me for? — wofür hältst du mich?

I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

13) (on account of, as penalty of) wegen

famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

14) (on the occasion of)

for the first time — zum ersten Mal

why can't you help for once? — warum kannst du nicht einmal helfen?

what shall I give him for his birthday? — was soll ich ihm zum Geburtstag schenken?

15) (in spite of)

for all... — trotz...

for all that,... — trotzdem...

16) (on account of the hindrance of) vor (+ Dat.)

for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

17) (so far as concerns)

for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

18) (considering the usual nature of) für

not bad for a first attempt — nicht schlecht für den ersten Versuch

19) (during) seit

we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

how long are you here for? — wie lange bleiben Sie hier?

sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

20) (to the extent of)

walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

21)

be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)
2. conjunction
(since, as proof) denn

* * *

conj.

als konj.

denn konj.

für konj.

nach konj.

zu konj.

English-german dictionary > for
10 pass

pɑ:s
1. гл.
1) идти;
проходить, проезжать( by - мимо чего-л.), (along - вдоль чего-л.), (across, over - через что-л.) Pass right along, please! ≈ Проходите мимо, пожалуйста! She never passes without stopping to say hello. ≈ Она никогда не проходит мимо, чтобы не поздороваться. The guard allowed the visitor to pass. ≈ Охранники разрешили посетителям пройти. Syn: go by, go on, go past, go ahead, move onward, progress, proceed
2) а) пересекать, переходить, переезжать;
переправляться б) переправлять, перевозить
3) а) превращаться, переходить ( из одного состояния в другое) It has passed into a proverb. ≈ Это вошло в поговорку. б) переходить (из одних рук в другие)
4) происходить, случаться, иметь место I saw (heard) what was passing. ≈ Я видел (слышал), что происходило. Whether or not this comes to pass. ≈ В любом случае это имеет место.
5) произносить
6) а) обгонять, опережать б) превышать, выходить за пределы Dick has already passed his father in height. ≈ Дик уже превзошел отца в росте.
7) а) выдержать, пройти (испытание, тест и т. п.) ;
удовлетворять( требованиям) to pass the tests ≈ пройти испытание pass standards ≈ удовлетворять нормам б) ставить зачет;
пропускать( экзаменующегося)
8) проводить, коротать (время, лето и т. п.) Mother passes her time knitting. ≈ Мама все время вяжет.
9) а) проходить, кончаться;
прекращаться Time passes quickly on vacation. ≈ На отдыхе время проходит быстро. Wait for the rain to pass. ≈ Подожди, пока пройдет дождь. б) выходить из употребления, исчезать to pass out of use ≈ выходить из употребления
10) передавать Please pass me the salt. ≈ Передай мне, пожалуйста, соль. Pass the news along. ≈ Передай эту новость дальше.
11) а) принимать (закон, резолюцию и т. п.) б) быть принятым, получать одобрение( законодательного органа) Congress is expected to pass the bill. ≈ Конгресс собирается утвердить закон.
12) а) выносить (решение, приговор) (upon, on) б) быть вынесенным (о приговоре) The verdict passed for the plaintiff. ≈ Решение было вынесено в пользу истца.
13) а) пускать в обращение б) быть в обращении, иметь хождение (о деньгах) This coin will not pass. ≈ Эту монету не примут.
14) мелькнуть, появиться A change passed over his countenance. ≈ У него изменилось выражение лица.
15) пропускать;
опускать
16) кончаться, умирать( обыкн. pass hence, pass from among us, etc.)
17) проходить незамеченным, сходить
18) проводить (рукой) He passed his hand across his forehead. ≈ Он провел рукой по лбу.
19) просматривать (документ и т. п.) pass your eyes/glance over this letter ≈ просмотрите это письмо
20) карт.;
спорт пасовать
21) спорт делать выпад( в фехтовании)
22) давать (слово, клятву, обещание)
23) амер. не объявлять( дивиденды)
24) мед. иметь (стул) ;
испускать( мочу) ∙ pass away pass back pass between pass by pass down pass for pass from pass in pass into pass off pass on pass out pass over pass round pass through pass under pass up a lot of water has passed under the bridge ≈ (с того времени) утекло много воды pass on the torch
2. сущ.
1) а) проход;
путь б) перен. путь, подход( к чему-л.)
2) переулок, узкая улица
3) ущелье;
перевал Syn: mountain pass, gap, gorge, canyon
4) фарватер, пролив, судоходный канал
5) проход для рыбы в плотине
6) проходной балл;
зачет
7) пропуск, бесплатный билет, контрамарка
8) пасс (движение рук гипнотизера) ;
фокус
9) а) карт.;
спорт пас, бросок to block a pass ≈ блокировать бросок to complete, throw a pass ≈ делать, выполнять бросок to intercept a pass ≈ перехватить передачу forward pass ≈ пас нападающего incomplete pass ≈ нерезультативный бросок lateral pass ≈ боковой бросок touchdown pass ≈ гол (в регби) б) выпад( в фехтовании)
10) (критическое) положение Things have come to a pretty pass. ≈ Дела приняли скверный оборот.
11) воен. разрешение не присутствовать на поверке;
амер. отпуск The soldier had a weekend pass. ≈ Солдат получил недельный отпуск.
12) метал. калибр, ручей валка ∙ hold the pass pass in review проход;
путь - the guide showed us the * through the wood проводник показал нам путь через лес путь, подход, ключ( к чему-либо) - she found the * to his heart она нашла ключ к его сердцу канал - the government's power to shut and open the *es of trade полномочия правительства открывть и закрывать каналы торговли проход, узкая улица, переулок;
проулок - a narrow * with low houses узкий проход между невысокими домами ущелье, дефиле, перевал, седловина - a mountain * горный перевал - the P. of Thermopylae( историческое) Фермопильское ущелье - wooded * лесистое ущелье - the height of the * is... высота перевала... - a house on a * домик на перевале - a * over Andes перевал через Анды( военное) стратегическое укрепление, высота - they defended the * of the bridge они обороняли предмостное укрепление( военное) форт, крепость в горах фарватер, пролив, судоходное русло, судоходный канал рыбоход( редкое) брод, переезд( на реке) (горное) проход, пропускное отверстие;
скат, ходок для людей калибр или ручей валка( горное) топографическая съемка (авиация) неточно рассчитанный заход на посадку( авиация) прохождение, пролет( самолета) - close * пролет на небольшом расстоянии, близкий пролет - satellite * прохождение спутника через заданную точку переход (из одного состояния в другое) - * of heat теплопередача, переход тепла смерть - sudden * внезапная смерть( карточное) пас > a * in review( военное) прохождение торжественным маршем > to gain the * защищать свое дело > to sell the * (книжное) предать своих сторонников, свое дело идти;
проходить;
проезжать - to * on the line идти по прямой (легкая атлетика) - to see smb. * видеть, как кто-то проходит - to * into the room пройти в комнату - please let me * пожалуйста, дайте мне пройти - we *ed through the town without stopping мы проехали через город не останавливаясь - the river *es southward река течет на юг - the road *es close to the village дорога проходит недалеко от деревни - we *ed along the river мы шли вдоль реки проходить мимо, миновать - to * smb. in the street встретить кого-либо на улице - to * a building пройти мимо здания - to * a station проехать мимо станции (не останавливаясь) - did you * him on the road? вы не встретили его по дороге? - he had *ed sixteen ему минуло шестнадцать лет - he has *ed the fifty mark (разговорное) ему перевалило за пятьдесят обгонять (о машине, водителе) пройти (мимо), пропустить, прозевать - to * the turning проехать поворот( дороги) - to * the stop пропустить остановку не обратить внимания, пренебречь (тж. * by) - to * by in silence обходить молчанием - we may * these details мы можем опустить эти детали - but let that * не будем об этом говорить - his rude remark *ed without rebuke его грубое замечание не встретило отпора - I can't * the matter by without making a protest я не могу не выразить протеста по этому поводу пройти незамеченным, сойти (тж. * unheeded, unnoticed или unobserved) - his remark *ed unheeded никто не обратил внимание на его замечание - the statement was allowed to * unchallenged никто не выступил против его заявления;
никто ему не возражал проходить (через что-либо), переезжать;
пересекать, переправляться - to * an ocean пересекать океан - to * the gates пройти (через) ворота - the steamer *ed Gibraltar пароход прошел Гибралтар перевозить, проводить (через что-либо) - the barks *ed horses and munitions на барках перевозили лошадей и снаряжение - a canal sufficient to * boats of 25 tons канал, через который могут пройти суда водоизмещением в 25 тонн просовывать - to * one's hand between iron bars просунуть руку между железными прутьями - to * the thread through the eye of the needle вдеть нитку в иголку передавать (тж. * over) - * me the butter, please пожалуйста, передайте мне масло - read the book and * it to my brother прочтите книгу и передайте ее моему брату - they *ed buckets of water from hand to hand они передавали ведра с водой из рук в руки - the letter was *ed round the table письмо обошло весь стол - the news *ed round the hall новость мгновенно облетела всех в зале - * the word to reduce the weight of the load скажите, чтобы уменьшили вес груза (спортивное) передавать, пасовать (карточное) пасовать, объявлять пас (to, into) переходить - to * to the next item on the agenda переходить к следующему пункту повестки дня - to * to smb. переходть к кому-либо - the business *ed into other hands предприятие перешло в другие руки - the manuscript *ed into the hands of a specialist рукопись попала в руки специалиста - it has *ed into a proverb это вошло в пословицу - to * to the reserve( военное) переходить в запас - to * from joy to tears то радоваться, то плакать - in descending the mountain we *ed from snow to rain спускаясь с горы, мы попали из снега в дождь - hey *! иди! (восклицание фокусника, когда вещь якобы должна перейти в другое место) превращаться, переходить из одного состояния в другое - to * into solution переходить в раствор - a substance *es from a solid to a liquid state вещество переходит из твердого состояния в жидкое - when water boils it *es into steam когда вода кипит, она превращается в пар переходить или передаваться по наследству (тж. * over) - the estate *ed to his heirs имение перешло к его наследникам - his title *ed to his eldest son его титул был унаследован старшим сыном идти, проходить, протекать (о времени) - a fortnight *ed прошло две недели - the years * rapidly годы быстро летят - how quick time *es как быстро летит время - generations will * сменится много поколений - we have *ed the early stage of our work первый этап нашей работы уже завершен (про-) мелькнуть, появиться - a cloud *ed across the sun тучка на мгновение закрыла солнце - a blush *ed across her face она покраснела - a change *ed over his face он переменился в лице - a smile *ed over her lips на ее губах промелькнула улыбка пройти;
исчезнуть;
прекратиться (тж. * off) - the pain soon *ed боль скоро прошла - his anger soon *ed его гнев быстро прошел - the old customs are *ing старые обычаи уходят в прошлое - all things must * все преходяще;
все проходит подходить, годиться - this part of your article will * эта часть вашей статьи пройдет - the trick will not * фокус не пройдет происходить, случаться, иметь место - did you see what was *ing? вы видели, что случилось? выходить за пределы;
быть выше - to * the $1,000 mark превысить 1000 долларов - it *es my understanding это выше моего понимания - it *es belief этому нельзя поверить;
это невероятно - he did not * the of his faculties он не вышел за рамки своих возможностей - the grief that *es show горе, которое нельзя выразить словами ответить на (какое-либо) действие тем же действием, обменяться( приветствиями, взглядами) - to * greetings обменяться приветствиями - to * offices обменяться услугами - the articles *ing between the two countries товары, которыми обмениваются эти две страны - some blows *ed between them они подрались - words *ed between them они поссорились - no words *ed between them они не обменялись ни словом - the correspondence that has *ed between us переписка, в которой мы состояли - tell me everything that *ed between you расскажите мне подробно, что произошло между вами проводить (время, день;
тж. * away) - to * the time проводить время - what can we do to * the time? как (бы) нам провести время? - to * a pleasant evening приятно провести вечер - to * an anxious day провести день в тревоге - to * the spring in the south провести весну на юге проводить (щеткой, рукой) - to * a hand over one's eye провести рукой по глазам - she *ed a comb through her hair она провела гребнем по волосам - to * a sweeper over the floor провести щеткой по полу - to * a wet sponge over smth. провести мокрой губкой по чему-либо;
стереть память о чем-либо, забыть что-либо - he *ed a wet sponge over his early life он постарался забыть свою прошлую жизнь удовлетворять (требованиям, нормам) - to * the standards удовлетворять нормам пройти (испытание) - to * the tests пройти испытание выдержать, сдать( экзамен) - to * exams with distinction сдать экзамены с отличием - he *ed the entrance examination он сдал вступительный экзамен - he *ed in geography он сдал экзамен по географии - to * master получить звание магистра, главы колледжа ставить( зачет) ;
пропустить (экзаменующегося) - don't be afraid, we shall* you не бойтесь, мы вам поставим зачет пройти (цензуру, досмотр) - to * the censor проходить через цензуру - to* the customs пройти таможенный досмотр пропустить (через цензуру) - the officer *ed my bag таможенный чиновник пропустил мой чемодан - he had *ed for the press all the sheets of hte book он подписал к печати все листы книги утверждать (план, расход) - to * an invoice утвердить счет - to * an item of expenditure провести статью расхода - the scheme was *ed by the council план получил одобрение совета - the boiler was *ed by the surveyor котел был принят инспектором принимать (решение, резолюцию, закон) - to * a bill принимать закон - the majority will * the bill законопроект пройдет большинством голосов - the village was *ed to be a township by the Council совет принял решение считать эту деревню городом быть принятым, получить одобрение (о законе) - the bill *ed the House of Commons палата общин утвердила законопроект - the bill *ed the committee законопроект прошел через комиссию выносить (приговор, решение) - to * sentence upon smb. вынести приговор кому-либо - the court *ed sentence on him today суд сегодня вынес приговор по его делу быть вынесенным - the judgement *ed for the plaintiff решение было в пользу истца высказывать (суждение) ;
делать (замечание) - to * an opinion on smth. высказать мнение по поводу чего-либо - I can't * an opinion on your work without examining it thoroughly я не могу высказать своего мнения о вашей работе, не прочитав ее внимательно - to * a remark сделать замечание - to * censure upon smb., smth. критиковать кого-либо, что-либо, сделать замечание кому-либо, по поводу чего-либо пускать в обращение (деньги, обыкн. фальшивые) - he was arrested for *ing forged notes его арестовали за то, что он распространял фальшивые деньги быть в обращении, иметь хождение ( о деньгах) - a Bank of England note used to * anywhere раньше банкнота Английского банка имела хождение везде - this coin will not * эту монету не примут (from) отходить, уклоняться( от принципов, курса) - to * from a course отклониться от своего пути( from) умереть, отойти - there has *ed from among us a man who held a high position in English literature от нас ушел человек, произведения которого занимают значительное место в английской литературе (through) испытывать (лишения, трудности) - they were *ing through troubled times они переживали тревожное время (for) сойти (за кого-либо) ;
слыть (кем-либо) - he *ed for my brother его приняли за моего брата - he was forty but he might have *ed for younger ему было сорок, но можно было дать меньше - in this small town he *ed for a man of considerable means в этом маленьком городке он слыл зажиточным человеком пропускать, протягивать( веревку) ;
обвязывать( веревкой) - to * a rope round a pack обвязать тюк веревкой - to * a rope round a cask обмотать бочонок канатом - they *ed a rope round the calf's hind legs они связали веревкой задние ноги теленка (американизм) открывать( ключом) - all these doors should be *ed with one key все эти двери должны открываться одним ключом пронзить, проткнуть( кинжалом, шпагой) - he *ed his sword through his enemy's body он пронзил своим мечом тело врага - a bullet *ed through his shoulder пуля прошла через плечо делать выпад, нападать (фехтование) (спортивное) брать (препятствие) - to * a hurdle взять барьер делать пассы (в фокусах) (юридическое) изготовить, оформить( документ) плутовать( в картах) (медицина) иметь (стул) (медицина) испускать (мочу) - to * urine мочиться не объявить выплату (регулярного дивиденда) - to * a dividend( американизм) не назначить дивиденда - concerns which not only *ed dividends but went bankrupt концерны, которые не только не выплатили дивиденды, но и обанкротились выдавать себя за белого (о мулате, квартероне) ;
скрывать свое негритянское происхождение > to * by the name of... быть известным под именем..., называться... > he *ed by the name of Smith он был известен под именем Смит > to * one's promise дать обещание > to * one's word давать слово > he *ed his word of honour он дал честное слово > to * one's word for smb., smth. поручиться за кого-либо, что-либо > to * a bold jest отпустить смелую шутку > to * the lips произносить > don't let it * your lips об этом ни слова > no complaints *ed his lips он никогда не жаловался > no food has *ed my lips since the morning у меня во рту маковой росинки с утра не было > to * current иметь денежную стоимость;
быть обычным, общепринятым;
распространяться как слух > to * troops in review проводить смотр войск > to * on the torch передавать знания > to * the time of day (устаревшее) поздороваться > to * (a) good morning (устаревшее) пожелать доброго утра, поздороваться > to * in the checks (сленг) умереть > to * the buck (американизм) (сленг) свалить ответственность( на кого-либо) сдача экзамена без отличия посредственная оценка;
проходной балл, зачет - she got a bare * она получила только переходной балл оценка "посредственно" (3 балла в фигурном катании) (трудное, критическое) положение или состояние - to be at a critical * быть в критическом положении - to bring things to a desperate * довести до крайности - to bring wonders to * делать чудеса - to come to * происходить, случаться - that things should have come to this *! как можно было довести это до такого состояния! - things have come to a strange * дела приняли странный оборот пасс, движение рук (гипнотизера, фокусника) фокус - to perform a * сделать фокус - he performed most difficult *es он выполнял самые сложные фокусы (устаревшее) остроумная выходка, выпад ( спортивное) передача, пас - bounce * передача с отскоком мяча (баскетбол) - head * передача головой - back * передача назад - low * передача низом - wing * передача на край - criss-cross *es перекрестные передачи - cross * поперечная передача - drop * короткая передача назад - flip * "подброшенная" передача - * out передача на край - a clever * to the forward удачный пас нападающему - to intercept a * перехватить передачу - to make a * передавать (мяч), делать передачу;
нанести удар рапирой выпад (фехтование) > to make the * плутовать при снятии колоды > to make a * at smb. делать выпад против кого-либо;
пытаться ухаживать( за женщиной) пропуск, паспорт - libriary * читательский билет - security * пропуск, выданный службой безопасности - he got his * and health certificate он получил свой паспорт и справку о состоянии здоровья пароль - to sell the * продать пароль (неприятелю) ;
выдать тайну, стать предателем (военное) разрешение не присутствовать на поверке;
отпускной билет;
увольнительная( военное) (американизм) краткосрочный отпуск - a soldier on a * солдат, имеющий краткосрочный отпуск бесплатный билет;
контрамарка - a (free) * бесплатный железнодорожный билет - a free * to a show контрамарка на концерт - admission * входной билет - a bus * проездной билет на автобус - a season * сезонный билет - to grant smb. a free * on the railway выдать кому-либо бесплатный железнодорожный билет - to hold a * иметь бесплатный проездной билет сокр. от passenger ~ быть принятым, получать одобрение (законодательного органа) ;
the bill passed the Commons палата общин утвердила законопроект ~ (критическое) положение;
to bring to pass совершать, осуществлять;
to come to pass произойти, случиться ~ проходить незамеченным, сходить;
but let that pass не будем об этом говорить;
that won't pass это недопустимо ~ мелькнуть, появиться;
a change passed over his countenance у него изме-нилось выражение лица ~ (критическое) положение;
to bring to pass совершать, осуществлять;
to come to pass произойти, случиться ~ произносить;
few words passed было мало сказано free ~ бесплатный проездной билет free ~ свободный проход ~ превышать, выходить за пределы;
he has passed sixteen ему уже больше шестнадцати;
it passes my comprehension это выше моего понимания;
it passes belief это невероятно ~ off сбывать, подсовывать( for, as - за кого-л.) ;
he passed himself off as a doctor он выдавал себя за доктора ~ проводить (рукой) ;
he passed his hand across his forehead он провел рукой по лбу ~ метал. калибр, ручей валка;
pass in review воен. прохождение торжественным маршем;
to hold the pass защищать свое дело ~ происходить, случаться, иметь место;
I saw (heard) what was passing я видел (слышал), что происходило ~ превращаться, переходить (из одного состояния в другое) ;
it has passed into a proverb это вошло в поговорку ~ превышать, выходить за пределы;
he has passed sixteen ему уже больше шестнадцати;
it passes my comprehension это выше моего понимания;
it passes belief это невероятно ~ превышать, выходить за пределы;
he has passed sixteen ему уже больше шестнадцати;
it passes my comprehension это выше моего понимания;
it passes belief это невероятно to make a ~ (at smb.) делать выпад (против кого-л.) to make a ~ (at smb.) разг. приставать( к кому-л.) ~ проводить (время, лето и т. п.) ;
to pass the time, to make time pass коротать время ~ исчезать;
прекращаться;
the pain passed боль прошла;
to pass out of sight исчезать из виду;
to pass out of use выходить из употребления ~ пересекать;
переходить, переезжать (через что-л.) ;
переправлять(ся) ;
to pass a mountain range перевалить через хребет ~ round обматывать;
обводить;
to pass a rope round a cask обмотать бочонок канатом ~ by не обращать внимания ~ by оставлять без внимания, пропускать;
to pass by in silence обходить молчанием ~ by пропускать ~ by проходить мимо ~ by оставлять без внимания, пропускать;
to pass by in silence обходить молчанием to ~ by on the other side не оказать помощи, не проявить сочувствия;
to pass on the torch передавать знания, традиции ~ through пронзать;
pass up амер. отказываться( от чего-л.) ;
отвергать( что-л.) ;
to pass by the name of... быть известным под именем..., называться... ~ for считаться, слыть ( кем-л.) ;
pass in умереть (тж. pass in one's checks) ;
pass into превращаться в, переходить в;
делаться ~ for считаться, слыть (кем-л.) ;
pass in умереть (тж. pass in one's checks) ;
pass into превращаться в, переходить в;
делаться ~ метал. калибр, ручей валка;
pass in review воен. прохождение торжественным маршем;
to hold the pass защищать свое дело review: ~ обзор, обозрение;
to pass in review рассматривать, обозревать ~ воен. смотр;
парад;
to pass in review делать смотр;
пропускать торжественным маршем ~ for считаться, слыть (кем-л.) ;
pass in умереть (тж. pass in one's checks) ;
pass into превращаться в, переходить в;
делаться to ~ money under the table (to smb.) дать (кому-л.) взятку ~ off оставлять без внимания, пропускать мимо ушей ~ off отвлекать внимание( от чего-л.) ~ off постепенно прекращаться, проходить (об ощущениях и т. п.) ~ off пронестись, пройти ( о дожде, буре) ~ off сбывать, подсовывать ( for, as - за кого-л.) ;
he passed himself off as a doctor он выдавал себя за доктора ~ off сдать (экзамен) ~ off хорошо пройти (о мероприятии, событии) to ~ by on the other side не оказать помощи, не проявить сочувствия;
to pass on the torch передавать знания, традиции ~ давать (слово, клятву, обещание) ;
to pass one's word обещать;
ручаться, поручиться ( for) ~ out сбыть, продать (товар) ~ out разг. терять сознание ~ out умереть ~ out успешно пройти (курс обучения) ~ исчезать;
прекращаться;
the pain passed боль прошла;
to pass out of sight исчезать из виду;
to pass out of use выходить из употребления ~ исчезать;
прекращаться;
the pain passed боль прошла;
to pass out of sight исчезать из виду;
to pass out of use выходить из употребления ~ to ~ water мед. мочиться ~ ~ your eyes (или glance) over this letter просмотрите это письмо ~ round обматывать;
обводить;
to pass a rope round a cask обмотать бочонок канатом ~ round передавать друг другу;
пустить по кругу;
to pass round the hat пустить шапку по кругу, устроить сбор пожертвований ~ round передавать друг другу;
пустить по кругу;
to pass round the hat пустить шапку по кругу, устроить сбор пожертвований ~ выдержать, пройти (испытание) ;
удовлетворять (требованиям) ;
to pass the tests пройти испытание;
to pass standards удовлетворять нормам ~ выдержать, пройти (испытание) ;
удовлетворять (требованиям) ;
to pass the tests пройти испытание;
to pass standards удовлетворять нормам ~ проводить (время, лето и т. п.) ;
to pass the time, to make time pass коротать время ~ передавать;
read this and pass it on прочтите (это) и передайте дальше;
to pass the word передавать приказание ~ through пересекать;
переходить ~ through продевать ~ through пронзать;
pass up амер. отказываться (от чего-л.) ;
отвергать (что-л.) ;
to pass by the name of... быть известным под именем..., называться... ~ through пропускать, просеивать, процеживать (сквозь что-л.) ~ through проходить (через что-л.), испытывать, переживать;
they are passing through times of troubles они переживают беспокойное время ~ through пронзать;
pass up амер. отказываться (от чего-л.) ;
отвергать (что-л.) ;
to pass by the name of... быть известным под именем..., называться... ~ передавать;
read this and pass it on прочтите (это) и передайте дальше;
to pass the word передавать приказание reporter's ~ корреспондентский пропуск ~ проходить незамеченным, сходить;
but let that pass не будем об этом говорить;
that won't pass это недопустимо ~ through проходить (через что-л.), испытывать, переживать;
they are passing through times of troubles они переживают беспокойное время things have come to a pretty ~ дела приняли скверный оборот ~ быть в обращении, иметь хождение (о деньгах) ;
this coin will not pass эту монету не примут ~ проходить (о времени) ;
time passes rapidly время быстро летит ~ быть вынесенным (о приговоре) ;
the verdict passed for the plaintiff решение было вынесено в пользу истца whether or not this comes to ~ суждено ли этому случиться или нет

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > pass

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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the day-to-day concerns of government

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

the day-to-day concerns of government

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